Deck 20: Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System

Question 1

Epilepsy is considered a diagnosis when there are how many unprovoked seizures?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the term for a loss of voluntary movement?

A) akinesia
B) aneurysm
C) paraplegia
D) epilepsy
E) bradykinesia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A) endocrine and exocrine
B) upper and lower
C) sympathetic and parasympathetic
D) central and peripheral
E) voluntary and involuntary

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The classic ketogenic diet is typically initiated with what macronutrient ratio?

A) 4 g of fat to 1 g of protein and carbohydrate
B) 4 g of carbohydrate to 1 g protein
C) 4 g of protein to 1 g of carbohydrate
D) 4 g of protein to 1 g of fat and carbohydrate
E) 4 g of carbohydrate to 1 g of fat

Question 5

Extended seizure activity lasting over 5 minutes is called:

A) grand-mal
B) petit-mal
C) tonic-clonic
D) epilepsy
E) status epilepticus

Question 6

Which inhibitory neurotransmitter controls body posture and movement?

A) acetylcholine
B) glutamate
C) dopamine
D) serotonin
E) norepinephrine

Question 7

Which of the following lifestyle factors is the strongest predictor of stroke risk?

A) cigarette smoking
B) alcohol consumption
C) taking illicit drugs
D) obesity
E) drinking soda pop

Question 8

What is the primary issue with attempting to feed stroke patients?

A) loss of taste sensation
B) reduced saliva production
C) loss of appetite
D) potential for weight gain
E) dysphagia

Question 9

Which of the following neurotransmitters is progressively lost in Parkinson's disease?

A) somatostatin
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) endorphin
E) serotonin

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of dementia?

A) It is a progressive neurological disease that affects the motor neurons of the nervous system.
B) It is the general term for conditions that involve loss of memory and impaired cognition.
C) It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the skeletal muscles.
D) It is the general term used to describe a cluster of symptoms including bradykinesia with rigidity or tremor.
E) It is an acute peripheral nervous system syndrome characterized by progressive paralysis.

Question 11

Which drug for epilepsy inhibits both vitamin D and folate metabolism?

A) valproate
B) carbamazepine
C) gabapentin
D) phenytoin
E) topiramate

Question 12

Which motor symptom, visible in the hands, is characteristic of Parkinson's disease?

A) blue discolor
B) red discolor
C) tremor
D) severe edema
E) swollen joints

Question 13

What type of diet is recommended for people with seizures or epilepsy?

A) high carbohydrate diet
B) fruit-only diet
C) ketogenic diet
D) low-fat diet
E) dense protein diet

Question 14

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A) endocrine and exocrine nervous systems
B) upper and lower nervous systems
C) spinal and extremity nervous systems
D) central and peripheral nervous systems
E) cerebral and autonomic nervous systems

Question 15

Within what approximate time frame does necrosis (cell death) occur because of lack of blood, oxygen, and glucose supplied to the brain?

A) at least 30 minutes
B) 20-25 minutes
C) 12-18 minutes
D) 4-10 minutes
E) 1-3 minutes

Question 16

Which disease or disorder is characterized by demyelination of cells within the CNS, inflammation, and development of scar tissue?

A) Parkinson's
B) multiple sclerosis
C) Alzheimer's
D) myasthenia gravis
E) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 17

What is the term for the body of a neuron?

A) dendrite
B) axon
C) filament
D) soma
E) myelin

Question 18

Which of the following terms is used for delayed or slowed body movements?

A) akinesia
B) aneurysm
C) paraplegia
D) epilepsy
E) bradykinesia

Question 19

Which functional cell of the nervous system is responsible for transmission of information from one cell to another?

A) nerves
B) neurons
C) ganglions
D) glial cells
E) lymphocytes

Question 20

Which part of the brain produces the neurotransmitter dopamine?

A) pons
B) occipital lobe
C) substantia nigra
D) thalamus
E) hypothalamus

Question 21

Which of the following drugs is used to treat gastroparesis?

A) Avonex
B) Extavia
C) Tysabri
D) Copaxone
E) Reglan

Question 22

KL is a 34-year-old male admitted to the hospital (large trauma center) after suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a serious motor vehicle accident. He was in excellent health prior to the accident.
HT: 6'2"          WT: 190 pounds (86 kg) What is the best estimate for KL's protein needs?

A) 0.6-0.9 g/kg
B) 0.9-1.1 g/kg
C) 1.10 g/kg
D) 1.2-1.5 g/kg
E) 1.5-2.5 g/kg

Question 23

How many distinct types of multiple sclerosis (MS) are there?

A) 6
B) 5
C) 4
D) 3
E) 2

Question 24

In myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune reaction damages or destroys the cellular receptors for which neurotransmitter?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) norepinephrine
E) acetylcholine

Question 25

Which gland is often abnormal in patients with myasthenia gravis?

A) thymus gland
B) thyroid gland
C) adrenal gland
D) pituitary gland
E) pineal gland

Question 26

Injury to which segment of the spine results in damage to the chest and abdominal muscles?

A) cervical
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) sacral
E) coccyx

Question 27

Which amino acids are needed in higher amounts in patients with pressure ulcers?

A) lysine and tyrosine
B) tyrosine and valine
C) arginine and glutamine
D) valine and cysteine
E) lysine and cysteine

Question 28

KL is a 34-year-old male admitted to the hospital (large trauma center) after suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a serious motor vehicle accident. He was in excellent health prior to the accident.
HT: 6'2"          WT: 190 pounds (86 kg) Which of the following might reduce KL's metabolic requirements?

A) use of paralytic drugs
B) use of appetite stimulant
C) use of morphine
D) KL's gender
E) KL's race

Question 29

KL is a 34-year-old male admitted to the hospital (large trauma center) after suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a serious motor vehicle accident. He was in excellent health prior to the accident.
HT: 6'2"          WT: 190 pounds (86 kg) What is likely the best way to feed KL while he is in the hospital?

A) nasogastric tube
B) nasoenteric tube
C) parenteral nutrients
D) baby food orally
E) keep NPO (withhold oral food & fluids)

Question 30

Which medication is the precursor for dopamine?

A) retrodopa
B) levodopa
C) monoamine oxidase
D) carbidopa
E) benserazide

Question 31

What is the primary medicinal treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?

A) oral anticholinesterase drugs
B) retrodopa
C) high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin
D) high-dose intravenous vitamin C
E) riluzole

Question 32

What are the two major physical changes in the brain that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

A) aluminum deposition and edema
B) amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
C) amyloid plaques and hypertrophy
D) calcification and hypertrophy
E) aluminum deposition and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 33

What is the strongest known risk factor for MS?

A) cigarette smoking
B) genetics
C) obesity
D) living in northern climates
E) vegetarian diet

Question 34

KL is a 34-year-old male admitted to the hospital (large trauma center) after suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a serious motor vehicle accident. He was in excellent health prior to the accident.
HT: 6'2"          WT: 190 pounds (86 kg) What level of energy intake per day is the most appropriate for KL?

A) 1,800 kcal
B) 2,100 kcal
C) 2,400 kcal
D) 2,700 kcal
E) 3,000 kcal

Question 35

What medications act to reduce the breakdown of L-dopa outside the blood-brain barrier?

A) COMT inhibitors
B) dopamine agonists
C) MAO-B inhibitors
D) decarboxylase inhibitors
E) anticholinergic meds

Question 36

The first stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:

A) depression and anger
B) hand tremors and confusion
C) headaches and depression
D) memory loss and confusion
E) memory loss and muscle weakness

Question 37

KL is a 34-year-old male admitted to the hospital (large trauma center) after suffering a traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a serious motor vehicle accident. He was in excellent health prior to the accident.
HT: 6'2"          WT: 190 pounds (86 kg) What is the best means of determining KL's caloric needs while in the hospital?

A) Mifflin-St Jeor equation
B) Harris-Benedict equation
C) WHO standards
D) Indirect calorimetry
E) Glasgow coma scale

Question 38

What age group has the highest rate of traumatic brain injuries due to motor vehicle accidents?

A) young adults 18-25
B) middle-aged adults
C) children under 5
D) elderly
E) adolescents

Question 39

Which is the only current medicinal treatment for ALS, which appears to affect the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate?

A) riluzole
B) benserazide
C) carbidopa
D) levodopa
E) immunoglobulin

Question 40

Quadriplegia or tetraplegia refers to paralysis involving what part(s) of the body?

A) all four limbs
B) the entire body
C) the legs and feet
D) the arms and hands
E) hands and fingers

Question 41

_______________ are not considered to be a stroke but are episodes of ischemia that lead to momentary symptoms consistent with the loss of oxygen to the brain.

Question 42

Although the exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unclear, it results in the loss of serotonin-producing cells in the thalamus portion of the brain.

Question 43

Partial seizures can be further classified as simple partial or complex partial.

Question 44

ALS affects involuntary types of neurons, such as those involved in memory, reasoning, vision, and hearing, as well as muscular processes such as heartbeat and digestion.

Question 45

A high protein intake interferes with optimal levels of L-dopa because of competition for protein carriers.

Question 46

The major variations of ketogenic diets in use today include the classic ketogenic diet, the _______________ diet, the low-glycemic-index treatment, and the modified Atkins diet.

Question 47

Endorphins are _______________ that naturally occur in the brain.

Question 48

Ischemic strokes are the least common form, accounting for about 10% of all strokes.

Question 49

A(n) _______________ stroke occurs as a neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal infarction.

Question 50

The term developmental delay is a catch-all phrase used to describe any lag in reaching age-appropriate developmental milestones.

Question 51

The somatic division of the PNS carries messages forward to the CNS from the sensory organs, and outward from the CNS to the muscles for action.

Question 52

Febrile seizures are triggered by high _______________.

Question 53

The axon terminals are small nodes that secrete neurotransmitters.

Question 54

A(n) _______________ is a spontaneous, disordered electrical discharging of cerebral neurons.

Question 55

The _______________ status of patients at the onset of the injury is an important consideration for a successful recovery.

Question 56

Most inflammatory conditions of the spinal cord are treated with NSAIDs.

Question 57

The components of a neuron are the soma, _______________, axon, and axon terminals.

Question 58

Because the ketogenic diet is low in fiber and _______________ and insufficient in other nutrients, supplementation is recommended to avoid deficiencies.

Question 59

The parietal lobe controls hearing and auditory function and plays a role in memory and emotions.

Question 60

Individuals with stroke may also experience the _______________ phase that is often seen in the acute period after traumatic brain injury.

Question 61

_______________ is defined as paralysis involving the lower body below the umbilicus.

Question 62

Many patients with severe head injuries require surgery for removal or repair of _______________ and contusions.

Question 63

Describe how a neuron passes its message on to another neuron and how this model ensures specificity.

Question 64

Abnormalities in the production of the neurotransmitter _______________ have been linked to both myasthenia gravis and Alzheimer's disease.

Question 65

Preventing excessive _______________ is crucial because spinal cord injury patients have a lower metabolic rate.

Question 66

Distinguish between complete and partial spinal cord injuries.

Question 67

_______________ is required as a cofactor for dopa decarboxylase (DDC)-one of the enzymes needed for the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine.

Question 68

Define amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Question 69

Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disease characterized by destruction of the _______________ and the formation of scar tissue.

Question 70

Discuss the prevention of stroke and acute care following stroke.

Question 71

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commonly known as _______________ disease, is a progressive neurological disease that affects the motor neurons of the nervous system.

Question 72

Explain the clinical manifestations of ALS.

Question 73

Explain the primary roles of the parietal lobe.

Question 74

Define Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Question 75

Define the term stroke.

Question 76

Describe the pathophysiology of primary and secondary traumatic brain injury.

Question 77

Myasthenia gravis is a(n) _______________ neuromuscular disease that affects the skeletal (voluntary) muscles and results in varying levels of weakness and fatigue.

Question 78

_______________ is a term used to describe a cluster of symptoms including bradykinesia with rigidity and/or tremor.

Question 79

Myasthenia gravis is a(n) _______________ neuromuscular disease that affects the skeletal (voluntary) muscles and results in varying levels of weakness and fatigue.

Question 80

Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD).