Deck 24: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the recommended daily amount of vitamin D for adults above 70 years?

A) 100 IU
B) 500 IU
C) 800 IU
D) 1000 IU
E) 1500 IU

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which is the most abundant glycoprotein in the body?

A) chondroitin sulfate
B) glucosamine
C) collagen
D) arachidonic acid
E) hyaluronic acid

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What type of bone-removing cells dissolve the mineral component of the bone matrix and play a major role in bone resorption?

A) osteocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) chondrocytes
D) osteogenic cells
E) osteoblasts

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the most common polysaccharide found in the proteoglycan molecules of cartilage?

A) chondroitin sulfate
B) glucosamine
C) collagen
D) arachidonic acid
E) hyaluronic acid

Question 5

What is the recommended daily amount of calcium for women between the ages of 51 and 70 years?

A) 1,200 mg/day
B) 1,400 mg/day
C) 1,600 mg/day
D) 1,800 mg/day
E) 2,000 mg/day

Question 6

Which compound makes up 85% of the inorganic or mineral component of bone?

A) calcium carbonate
B) magnesium
C) hydroxyapatite
D) potassium
E) glucosamine

Question 7

Which of the following acids reduces intestinal absorption of calcium?

A) hydrochloric acid
B) oxalic acid
C) zoledronic acid
D) phytic acid
E) uric acid

Question 8

What type of fish/seafood is the best source of calcium?

A) blue crab
B) rainbow trout
C) sardines
D) ocean perch
E) clams

Question 9

What body type in women is a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A) any body type
B) small size, thin bones
C) heavy set, thick bones
D) short and stocky
E) tall and muscular

Question 10

Which compound makes up 10% of the inorganic or mineral component of bone?

A) calcium carbonate
B) magnesium
C) hydroxyapatite
D) potassium
E) glucosamine

Question 11

Which of the following is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D produced in human skin?

A) calcitonin
B) cholecalciferol
C) chondroitin
D) ergocalciferol
E) hydroxyapatite

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is released when the blood calcium concentration is low?

A) gonadotropin hormone
B) calcitriol
C) calcitonin
D) parathyroid hormone
E) growth hormone

Question 13

What is a common consequence of osteoporosis, which leads to loss of height?

A) osteoarthritis
B) osteopenia
C) vertebral compression fractures
D) muscle contraction
E) bone spurs

Question 14

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder that mainly affects _____.

A) people with Down's syndrome
B) older adults
C) people with Cushing's syndrome
D) boys
E) girls

Question 15

Research indicates that people residing above what latitude have insufficient sunlight exposure for optimal synthesis of vitamin D?

A) 60 degrees north latitude
B) 40 degrees north latitude
C) 20 degrees north latitude
D) equator
E) 20 degrees south latitude

Question 16

Carpopedal spasm results from tetany occurring in the hands and feet and can be a sign of what?

A) hypocalcemia
B) hypercalcemia
C) hypophosphatemia
D) hyperphosphatemia
E) hyperkalemia

Question 17

The bones of the skeleton are made from which two types of osseous tissue?

A) primary bone and secondary bone
B) osseous bone and spongy bone
C) compact bone and bone marrow
D) chondrocytes and osteocytes
E) cortical bone and trabecular bone

Question 18

What type of bone-building cells synthesize, deposit, and then orient the fibrous proteins of the organic matter of the bone matrix?

A) osteocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) chondrocytes
D) osteogenic cells
E) osteoblasts

Question 19

Which of the following cheese types is the best source of calcium?

A) feta cheese
B) mozzarella cheese
C) blue cheese
D) ricotta cheese
E) romano cheese

Question 20

Nicotine and cadmium in tobacco smoke are toxic to what type of cells?

A) chondrocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts
D) osteocytes
E) osteogenic cells

Question 21

Identify the type of cells that secrete hydrochloric acid to dissolve the mineral component of bone matrix.

A) osteoblasts
B) chondrocytes
C) osteoclasts
D) osteocytes
E) leucocytes

Question 22

KL is a 72-year-old African American female living in a long-term care facility close to the Canadian border. She has a history of RA, which was well controlled until recently. She reports taking calcium supplements and eating lots of cheese. She arrives at the hospital with a hip fracture following a fall. Height: 5'8" Weight: 210 pounds
Which of the following conditions is most related to KL's fracture?

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) neuropathy
C) osteoarthritis
D) osteoporosis
E) osteomalacia

Question 23

Which of the following medications increases the risk of stroke and MI?

A) ibuprofen
B) naproxen
C) COX-2 inhibitors
D) diclofenac
E) RANKL inhibitors

Question 24

KL is a 72-year-old African American female living in a long-term care facility close to the Canadian border. She has a history of RA, which was well controlled until recently. She reports taking calcium supplements and eating lots of cheese. She arrives at the hospital with a hip fracture following a fall. Height: 5'8" Weight: 210 pounds
What is the best practical advice that can be given to KL to help prevent future fractures?

A) Supplement the diet with vitamin D.
B) Move to a sunny climate.
C) Take more calcium.
D) Lose significant weight.
E) Supplement the diet with glucosamine/chondroitin.

Question 25

Which anti-inflammatory medication significantly increases the risk of osteoporosis?

A) ASA
B) glucocorticoids
C) thiazolidinediones
D) ibuprofen
E) naproxen

Question 26

Increased serum concentration of which acid contributes to the development of gout?

A) hyaluronic acid
B) ascorbic acid
C) arachidonic acid
D) citric acid
E) uric acid

Question 27

What are three main physical characteristics of osteoarthritis?

A) thick synovial membrane, pannus, severe swelling
B) cartilage erosion, bone spurs, bone cysts
C) reduced mineralization, tendonitis, cartilage cracking
D) mild inflammation, bone deformity, hypermobility
E) pannus, ligament laxity, hypomobility

Question 28

What is the most common cause of rickets?

A) calcium deficiency
B) phosphorus deficiency
C) vitamin C deficiency
D) vitamin D deficiency
E) lack of physical activity

Question 29

What type of diet increases the risk of gout?

A) a vegetarian diet
B) a high-fiber diet
C) a diet rich in carbohydrates
D) a diet rich in purines
E) a low cholesterol diet

Question 30

What type of arthritic condition may benefit from glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation?

A) osteoarthritis
B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) fibromyalgia
D) gout
E) osteoporosis

Question 31

KL is a 72-year-old African American female living in a long-term care facility close to the Canadian border. She has a history of RA, which was well controlled until recently. She reports taking calcium supplements and eating lots of cheese. She arrives at the hospital with a hip fracture following a fall. Height: 5'8" Weight: 210 pounds
What is the recommended daily amount of vitamin D for KL?

A) 500-600 IU
B) 800-1000 IU
C) 1100-1200 IU
D) 1200-1500 IU
E) 1500-1800 IU

Question 32

What is the term for the destructive tissue formed in the synovial membrane of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis?

A) pannus
B) fibroids
C) bone spurs
D) calcifications
E) osteomas

Question 33

Which joint is most often affected by gout attacks?

A) knee
B) big toe
C) shoulder
D) upper neck
E) wrist

Question 34

Which of the following noticeable physical deformities is characteristic of rickets?

A) overly large skull
B) crooked fingers and toes
C) bowing of the legs
D) scoliosis of the thoracic spine
E) white spots on skin

Question 35

KL is a 72-year-old African American female living in a long-term care facility close to the Canadian border. She has a history of RA, which was well controlled until recently. She reports taking calcium supplements and eating lots of cheese. She arrives at the hospital with a hip fracture following a fall. Height: 5'8" Weight: 210 pounds
What nonpermanent factor is most related to KL's condition?

A) her skin color
B) her gender
C) her physical location
D) her physical activity level
E) her weight

Question 36

What compound found in unrefined grains increases the risk of rickets?

A) phytates
B) gluten
C) omega-6 fatty acids
D) arachidonic acid
E) vitamin B₁₂

Question 37

KL is a 72-year-old African American female living in a long-term care facility close to the Canadian border. She has a history of RA, which was well controlled until recently. She reports taking calcium supplements and eating lots of cheese. She arrives at the hospital with a hip fracture following a fall. Height: 5'8" Weight: 210 pounds
What is likely the primary cause of KL's condition?

A) calcium deficiency
B) phosphorus deficiency
C) being overweight
D) RA meds
E) low vitamin D status

Question 38

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that beginning at 2 months of age, exclusively breastfed infants be given a daily multivitamin supplement containing how much vitamin D?

A) 50 IU
B) 100 IU
C) 200 IU
D) 300 IU
E) 400 IU

Question 39

What crystals precipitate out of the blood and become lodged in the synovial fluid and around joints, causing gout?

A) citrate crystals
B) urate crystals
C) ascorbate crystals
D) hydroxyapatite crystals
E) sodium chloride crystals

Question 40

Which organs are required for converting the vitamin D from the diet or synthesized in the skin into its biologically active form?

A) liver and pancreas
B) small intestine and large intestine
C) pancreas and large intestine
D) small intestine and kidneys
E) liver and kidneys

Question 41

Compared with females, arthritic conditions are diagnosed more frequently in males, who account for 85% of cases in persons age 15 years and older.

Question 42

Hydroxyapatite is a crystallized calcium phosphate salt that gives bones their stiffness.

Question 43

Chondrocytes have low rates of _______________ and cell division and, when injured, cartilage heals slowly.

Question 44

Collagen makes up about half of the total body protein by weight.

Question 45

Serum _______________ concentration is the best indicator of vitamin D status because it represents both dietary vitamin D intake and vitamin D synthesized by the body.

Question 46

_______________ account for up to 80% of the variance in peak bone mass between individuals.

Question 47

Inadequate _______________ intake during growth will result in suboptimal development of peak bone mass and increased risk of osteoporosis in the latter decades of life.

Question 48

Bone mineral density (BMD) is best measured using _______________.

Question 49

The average adult body contains about 500-800 g of _______________ and 85%-90% of this is in the bones.

Question 50

Bone strength reflects the integration of two main features: _______________ and bone quality.

Question 51

_______________ are mature osteoblasts surrounded and entrapped by the ECM they have synthesized and calcified.

Question 52

Bone mass peaks in the _______________ decade of life and slowly decreases thereafter.

Question 53

Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in humans.

Question 54

Arthritic conditions affect over one in five Americans and nearly one in four with the condition report activity limitation.

Question 55

It is estimated that 15-20% of the wet weight of cartilage is water.

Question 56

A major consequence of long-standing vitamin D deficiency is increased intestinal calcium absorption leading to hypercalcemia, which, in turn, results in decreased secretion of PTH.

Question 57

Cartilage is formed by cells called _______________.

Question 58

Composed of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bones, the skeletal system forms a strong, tightly bound but flexible framework for the body.

Question 59

Rickets is characterized by inadequate maturation and mineralization of the cartilaginous growth plate and inadequate mineralization of the organic matrix within the bones of children.

Question 60

Secondary osteoporosis is related to aging and decreased gonadal function.

Question 61

Describe the etiology and clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis (OA).

Question 62

_______________ is secreted by the parafollicular or "C" cells of the thyroid gland when the blood calcium concentration is abnormally high.

Question 63

_______________ is a protein-rich, slippery fluid contained inside a fibrous capsule that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the ends of bones at their joints.

Question 64

Describe the treatment for osteomalacia.

Question 65

_______________ is a specific glycosaminoglycan found in the proteoglycans of articular cartilage.

Question 66

Among Americans 65 years of age and older, arthritic symptoms are second only to _______________ as the most commonly reported chronic condition.

Question 67

Increased secretion of _______________ stimulates the removal of mineral from the organic matrix of bone in order to raise the serum calcium concentration but also results in a weakening of bone.

Question 68

Regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise will reduce the risk of _______________ and fractures as well as increase _______________.

Question 69

List the primary nonmodifiable risk factors for arthritis.

Question 70

An overt deficiency of _______________ is linked to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Question 71

Describe the etiology of osteoporosis.

Question 72

List the principal types of cells that are found in osseous tissue.

Question 73

Describe the causes of secondary osteoporosis.

Question 74

Describe the treatment for gout.

Question 75

Define osteoporosis.

Question 76

Chronic hyperuricemia can result in the formation of _______________crystals in the joints and the soft tissues surrounding the joints, which form large deposits called tophi.

Question 77

Outline the differences among rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis.

Question 78

Describe the function of osteoblasts.

Question 79

_______________ reduces bone turnover; prevents bone loss; increases BMD by 5%-10% in the hip, spine, and total body; and significantly reduces fracture risk but can also increase the risk of breast cancer.

Question 80

There are several factors known to increase the risk of some arthritic conditions, three of which are modifiable: overweight, _______________, and infections.