Deck 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Positively charged ions are referred to as:

A) atoms
B) cations
C) anions
D) molecules
E) particles

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What does hypokalemia mean?

A) high serum potassium
B) high serum calcium
C) low lymph calcium
D) low serum calcium
E) low serum potassium

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What kind of tissue has the lowest percentage of water in the body?

A) muscle
B) fat
C) nervous
D) connective
E) epithelial

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the specific gravity of water?

A) 0.25
B) 0.5
C) 0.75
D) 1.0
E) 2.0

Question 5

How much of the body's water is found within cells (intracellular fluid)?

A) 1/4
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 2/3
E) 3/4

Question 6

What percentage of body fluid is in plasma?

A) 0.05%
B) 1%
C) 6.6%
D) 9%
E) 14%

Question 7

The force that pulls water across membranes is referred to as:

A) edema force
B) diffusion force
C) electrolyte force
D) osmotic pressure
E) gradient pressure

Question 8

Identify the major anion present in intracellular fluid.

A) bicarbonate
B) chloride
C) sodium
D) potassium
E) phosphate

Question 9

What is likely to occur when body cells are exposed to a hypertonic solution?

A) dehydration
B) swelling
C) edema
D) destruction
E) equilibrium

Question 10

Identify the major cation present in extracellular fluid.

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) chromium
D) potassium
E) cobalt

Question 11

Baroreceptors within blood vessels are stimulated by:

A) high osmolarity
B) low osmolarity
C) high glucose concentration
D) high hydrostatic pressure
E) low hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

What is the normal range of osmolality for the blood?

A) 275 to 295 mOsm/kg H₂O
B) 325 to 375 mOsm/kg H₂O
C) 380 to 420 mOsm/kg H₂O
D) 425 to 475 mOsm/kg H₂O
E) 580 to 620 mOsm/kg H₂O

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for the increased excretion of potassium ions by kidneys?

A) 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
B) calcitonin
C) aldosterone
D) pepsin
E) renin

Question 14

Identify the hormone that is released from the kidney and stimulates the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

A) arginine vasopressin
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) renin
D) pepsin
E) aldosterone

Question 15

What is the term for abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity (often due to liver disease)?

A) diuresis
B) ascites
C) hypernatremia
D) water intoxication
E) edema

Question 16

What route of fluid loss is the most variable and will accommodate changes in dietary fluid intake?

A) feces
B) respiration
C) urine
D) perspiration
E) metabolism

Question 17

Which of the following electrolytes is in a reciprocal relationship with serum calcium?

A) magnesium
B) potassium
C) phosphorus
D) chloride
E) sodium

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of diuresis?

A) It is the production of excessive amounts of urine.
B) It is the accumulation of edema within a joint.
C) It is the accumulation of edema within the abdomen.
D) It is the dehydration caused by excessive bleeding.
E) It is the pain in kidneys caused by stones.

Question 19

How much fluid should an average adult consume each day under normal circumstances?

A) 20-25 mL/kg
B) 30-35 mL/kg
C) 40-45 mL/kg
D) 50-55 mL/kg
E) 60-65 mL/kg

Question 20

How much sodium does 1 tsp of table salt contain?

A) 900 mg
B) 1,300 mg
C) 1,800 mg
D) 2,300 mg
E) 3,000 mg

Question 21

Mr. M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5, requiring dialysis. His initial chemistry panel indicates he has low chloride, sodium, and calcium levels as well as high potassium and phosphorus levels. The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
One of the reasons for his high phosphorus could be:

A) the P restriction is altering the levels in the blood
B) hypoglycemia
C) low magnesium
D) high potassium
E) low calcium

Question 22

Mr. M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5, requiring dialysis. His initial chemistry panel indicates he has low chloride, sodium, and calcium levels as well as high potassium and phosphorus levels. The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
What is the reason that a physician might order a potassium restriction?

A) potassium interacting with kidney disease medications
B) high potassium levels stimulating the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands
C) high potassium levels causing the retention of vasopressin
D) potassium directly interacting with calcium
E) diet containing very high levels of potassium

Question 23

Loss of gastric acids through vomiting can lead to:

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) diabetes insipidus
D) hyponatremia
E) hypernatremia

Question 24

How much of the body's calcium is found in body fluids?

A) 20%
B) 12%
C) 9%
D) 5%
E) 1%

Question 25

Hypernatremia can theoretically be caused by either an increase in sodium or a(n):

A) increase in potassium consumption
B) decrease in potassium consumption
C) decrease in blood glucose
D) increase in water consumption
E) decrease in water consumption

Question 26

Which high-risk condition of pregnancy is treated using magnesium?

A) preeclampsia
B) spina bifida
C) hypomagnesemia
D) leukocytosis
E) thrombocytosis

Question 27

What is the most common cause of hypervolemia?

A) decrease in urinary output
B) diarrhea
C) chronic vomiting
D) water intoxication
E) low-salt diet

Question 28

Malignant tumors that metastasize to the bone can lead to:

A) hypocalcemia
B) hyperkalemia
C) hypercalcemia
D) hypernatremia
E) hypokalemia

Question 29

Mr. M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5, requiring dialysis. His initial chemistry panel indicates he has low chloride, sodium, and calcium levels as well as high potassium and phosphorus levels. The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
Which of the following is contributing to Mr. M's fluid imbalance?

A) kidney disease
B) liver disease
C) aldosterone secretion exceeding production
D) excessive thirst
E) poor diet

Question 30

How much of the body's magnesium is located in the bone?

A) 5-6%
B) 25%
C) 35-40%
D) 50-60%
E) 85%

Question 31

What color of urine reflects dehydration?

A) clear and colorless
B) light yellow
C) red
D) dark amber
E) green

Question 32

Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level:

A) >15 mg/dL
B) >11 mg/dL
C) >8 mg/dL
D) >5 mg/dL
E) >1 mg/dL

Question 33

Which hormone stimulates the activation of vitamin D?

A) antidiuretic hormone
B) arginine vasopressin
C) pepsin
D) renin
E) parathyroid hormone

Question 34

The medication cyclosporine can cause excessive urinary loss of which electrolyte?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) phosphorus
E) sodium

Question 35

Hypophosphatemia is defined as a serum phosphate level:

A) <0.3 mg/Dl
B) <1.3 mg/dL
C) <2.3 mg/dL
D) <3.3 mg/dL
E) <4.3 mg/dL

Question 36

Calculate the fluid deficit for a 65-kg female with a serum sodium of 160 mEq/L.

A) 3.8 L
B) 2 L
C) 4.9 L
D) 2.3 L
E) 3.5 L

Question 37

What is hypovolemia?

A) ascites within joints
B) extracellular fluid deficit
C) intracellular fluid deficit
D) blood that's too acidic
E) blood that's too alkaline

Question 38

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?

A) liver cirrhosis
B) inadequate excretion of potassium because of renal failure
C) inadequate excretion of sodium because of renal failure
D) high blood cholesterol levels
E) chronically low blood pressure

Question 39

Mr. M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5, requiring dialysis. His initial chemistry panel indicates he has low chloride, sodium, and calcium levels as well as high potassium and phosphorus levels. The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
The physician has prescribed Mr. M a diuretic. A good measure of how he is responding to this medication would be:

A) serum PTH concentration
B) serum albumin concentration
C) serum phosphorus concentration
D) fluid inputs and outputs
E) serum calcium concentration

Question 40

Mr. M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5, requiring dialysis. His initial chemistry panel indicates he has low chloride, sodium, and calcium levels as well as high potassium and phosphorus levels. The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
The type of fluid involved in Mr. M's imbalance is:

A) intracellular
B) transcellular
C) extracellular
D) pericardial
E) ascites

Question 41

Osmotic pressure can be expressed as either osmolarity or _______________.

Question 42

Acute or chronic renal failure is the most common clinical condition associated with hypophosphatemia.

Question 43

Precise determination of _______________ water is not possible; it is thus usually estimated by using intakes of carbohydrate, protein, and _______________ as variables.

Question 44

The solute concentration in the urine is determined by measuring its _______________.

Question 45

Osmotic pressure can be expressed as either osmolarity or hydraulic force.

Question 46

Transcellular fluids are those fluids found in secretions within _______________.

Question 47

Solutes that do not disperse in fluid, such as large protein molecules, are called _______________.

Question 48

The protein hormone secreted by the heart muscle cells that regulates the homeostatic control of body water, sodium, and potassium is called _______________.

Question 49

Fluids that have an osmolality equal to blood are called _______________.

Question 50

Maintenance of fluid balance is significantly integrated with maintenance of _______________ balance.

Question 51

Extracellular fluid is divided into three compartments: interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular (or transitional).

Question 52

In the ECF, the major cation is magnesium, and the major anions are chloride and calcium.

Question 53

The maintenance of acid-base balance involves the regulation of _______________ and _______________.

Question 54

At birth, total body water accounts for approximately 75% of the infant's weight.

Question 55

Decreasing hydrostatic pressure stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulation of fluids and electrolytes.

Question 56

Elevated concentrations of potassium in the ECF can occur when hemolysis of red blood cells increases during leukocytosis or thrombocytosis.

Question 57

The most common cause of hypovolemia is a decrease in urinary output such as that seen in acute liver failure.

Question 58

The major cation in intracellular fluid is _______________.

Question 59

Medications such as diuretics are often prescribed to purposefully increase the ECF volume.

Question 60

Total urine output is the sum of obligatory urine and facultative urine.

Question 61

Explain the role of arginine vasopressin in fluid balance.

Question 62

Describe insensible fluid loss.

Question 63

Describe the treatment for hyperkalemia.

Question 64

Hypophosphatemia can result from vitamin _______________ deficiency.

Question 65

Vasopressin stimulates the resorption of the fluids in the tubules of the _______________, which increases blood volume and lowers blood osmolality.

Question 66

Increasing amounts of angiotensin II stimulate release of the hormone _______________ from the adrenal cortex.

Question 67

The mechanism of thirst is regulated by the _______________.

Question 68

Explain the types of solutes in the body, including the major electrolytes.

Question 69

Explain what factors influence the movement of solutes.

Question 70

Vitamin D increases the absorption of _______________ in the small intestine.

Question 71

Hypomagnesemia occurs during withdrawal from _______________.

Question 72

Describe the "third spaces".

Question 73

Hypocalcemia most commonly results from a deficit of _______________ or from abnormal vitamin _______________ metabolism.

Question 74

Describe the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia.

Question 75

Describe the thirst mechanism.

Question 76

Describe the functions of water in the body.

Question 77

List the three general categories of alterations in fluid balance.

Question 78

Natural licorice and chewing tobacco, if swallowed, contain an _______________ compound that will also stimulate increases in urinary _______________ excretion.

Question 79

Calcium gluconate, given intravenously, can reverse the effects of _______________.

Question 80

When blood volume increases, _______________ also increases.