Deck 2: Chemistry of Life

Question 1

What is the maximum number of electrons in a shell?

A)0
B)2
C)6
D)8
E)12

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of atoms within a water molecule?

A)hydrogen
B)ionic
C)polar covalent
D)nonpolar covalent
E)isotropic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The bonding of two or more atoms creates a(n)____.

A)molecule
B)ion
C)isotope
D)mixture
E)solution

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The atomic number denotes the number of ____ in an atom of a particular element.

A)electrons
B)neutrons
C)energy levels
D)protons
E)isotopes

Question 5

How do hydrophilic molecules interact with water?

A)They are attracted to water.
B)They are absorbed by water.
C)They are repelled by water.
D)They absorb heat from water.
E)They transfer heat to water.

Question 6

An ion is formed ____.

A)during covalent bonds
B)when water molecules are bound together
C)when atoms exchange electrons
D)when atoms share electrons equally
E)when atoms share electrons unequally

Question 7

Covalent bonds ____.

A)occur when ions of opposite charge are attracted to each other
B)occur during oxidation reactions
C)are the weak link between two water molecules
D)are extremely strong and stable
E)form bonds that hold Na and Cl together in NaCl (table salt)

Question 8

An atom carries no charge because it has as many electrons as ____.

A)protons
B)neutrons
C)orbitals
D)neutrinos
E)shells

Question 9

Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of two water molecules?

A)hydrogen
B)ionic
C)polar covalent
D)nonpolar covalent
E)isotropic

Question 10

Isotopes of an element are different from the most common standard form due to differences in the ____.

A)atomic number ​
B)position of the element in the periodic table
C)number of neutrons in the nucleus
D)number of protons in the nucleus
E)size of the electron cloud

Question 11

Which statement is true of electron shells?

A)The innermost shell can hold up to two electrons.
B)The innermost shell is at the highest energy level.
C)A shell can hold up 20 electrons.
D)Larger atoms have less electron shells.
E)A second shell with six electrons is completely filled.

Question 12

When an atom's outer electron shell is filled, the atom is ____.

A)unstable
B)positively charged
C)polarized
D)most stable
E)isotope

Question 13

Radioisotopes ____.

A)are unstable and emit energy and particles to stabilize themselves.
B)are different elements from the "standard" elements.
C)are very stable and do not change over time.
D)are so unstable that they rarely exist in nature
E)exist only for carbon and oxygen

Question 14

If a chlorine atoms has 7 electrons in its outer energy level, which of the following is true about chlorine?

A)It is stable as it is and will not react with other atoms.
B)It will lose an electron during a chemical reaction.
C)It has an electron structure similar to sodium atoms.
D)It will form a covalent bond with sodium.
E)When forming ionic bonds.it will become a negatively charged ion

Question 15

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into another substance is known as a(n)____.

A)proton
B)electron
C)compound
D)element
E)isotope

Question 16

Which element is not one of the four most common elements found in organisms?

A)hydrogen
B)oxygen
C)carbon
D)helium
E)nitrogen

Question 17

The blending of two or more kinds of molecules is a(n)____.

A)compound
B)isotope
C)reactant
D)mixture
E)chemical bond

Question 18

A tracer is a substance with what attached to it?

A)a radioisotope
B)water
C)glucose
D)ion
E)antibodies

Question 19

Positron emission tomography (PET)utilizes ____ to yield results of a scan.

A)x-rays
B)tracers
C)glucose
D)ion
E)photons

Question 20

What makes water a good solvent?

A)It dissolves ions and polar molecules.
B)It dissolves fats.
C)It mixes well with alcohol.
D)It heats up very quickly.
E)It is very acidic.

Question 21

A dissolved substance in water is a(n)____.

A)solvent
B)solute
C)antioxidant
D)free radical
E)acid

Question 22

The process by which the movement of internal bonds converts one type of organic compound into another is ____.

A)condensation
B)cleavage
C)functional group transfer ​
D)electron transfer
E)rearrangement

Question 23

The building block of large carbohydrates is ____.

A)amino acids
B)glycerol
C)polysaccharide
D)glucose
E)glycogen

Question 24

Which of the following is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen?

A)carbohydrate
B)protein
C)lipid
D)nucleic acid
E)steroid

Question 25

Each carbon atom can share pairs of electrons with as many as ____ other atoms.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
E)six

Question 26

A free radical takes what particle from a stable molecule?

A)a proton
B)an electron
C)a neutron
D)an atom
E)a hydrogen ion

Question 27

Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon and influence the behavior of organic compounds are known as ____.

A)ions
B)anhydrides
C)antioxidants
D)acids
E)functional groups

Question 28

A system that compensates for pH fluctuations by donating or accepting H⁺ is known as a(n)____.

A)acid
B)base
C)salt
D)buffer
E)antioxidant

Question 29

Plants store large amounts of carbohydrates in the form of ____.

A)glycogen
B)starch
C)glucose
D)sucrose
E)lipids

Question 30

A substance that gives up an electron to a free radical is a(n)____.

A)oxidizer
B)antioxidant
C)antibiotic
D)antibody
E)antiviral

Question 31

During an hydrolysis reaction, ____.

A)covalent bonds are formed
B)a water molecule is formed
C)bonds are broken
D)polymers are formed
E)condensation occurs

Question 32

A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen is ____.

A)a salt
B)always an acid
C)non-biological
D)organic
E)inorganic

Question 33

Water has a high heat capacity because it has ____.

A)covalent bonds
B)ionic bonds
C)low freezing point
D)high boiling point
E)hydrogen bonds

Question 34

Animals store carbohydrates in the form of ____.

A)glycogen
B)starch
C)glucose
D)sucrose
E)lipids

Question 35

A buildup of H⁺ in the blood will lead to ____.

A)alkalosis
B)acidosis
C)excess calcium
D)excess carbon dioxide
E)a higher than normal pH

Question 36

A protein inside cells that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is a(n)____.

A)hydrocarbon
B)inorganic compound
C)enzyme
D)buffer
E)functional group

Question 37

Which statement is true of water?

A)Water molecules attract hydrophobic substances.
B)Water evaporates after absorbing small amounts of heat energy.
C)Water's hydrogen atom is slightly negative.
D)Water molecules are polar.
E)Water's oxygen atom is slightly positive.

Question 38

An acid is a substance that donates a(n)____.

A)neutron
B)antioxidant
C)hydroxide ion
D)electron
E)proton

Question 39

During a synthesis reaction, glucose and fructose combine to form ____.

A)glycogen
B)sucrose ​
C)starch
D)a monosaccharide ​
E)a polysaccharide

Question 40

A solution with a pH of 7.4 ____.

A)is considered an acid
B)has more H⁺ than OH^-
C)has equal numbers of H⁺ and OH^-
D)has a pH similar to ammonia
E)is similar in acidity to normal body fluids

Question 41

The type of bond that exists between amino acids in a protein is a(n)____ bond.

A)peptide
B)hydrogen
C)ionic
D)glycosidic
E)primary

Question 42

The sequence of amino acids in a protein represents its ____.

A)primary structure
B)secondary structure
C)three dimensional shape
D)tertiary folding pattern
E)biological function

Question 43

Which protein binds and releases oxygen molecules?

A)collagen
B)insulin
C)keratin
D)hemoglobin
E)enzymes

Question 44

A nucleotide is composed of at least one sugar, one phosphate group, and ____.

A)one nitrogen-containing base
B)one amino acid
C)multiple cholesterol molecules
D)fatty acid chains
E)ATP

Question 45

Proteins perform four of the following functions. They do NOT, however ____.

A)act as enzymes
B)store large amounts of energy
C)act as transport molecules
D)bind molecules to or inside cells
E)adjust cell activities

Question 46

The structural building blocks for proteins are ____.

A)enzymes
B)amino acids
C)cholesterol
D)polysaccharides
E)vitamins

Question 47

Which part of the amino acid helps to determine its chemical properties?

A)amino group
B)carboxyl group
C)covalent bond
D)peptide bond
E)R-group

Question 48

Which carbohydrate, found only in plants, is indigestible by humans?

A)glycogen
B)starch
C)glucose
D)sucrose
E)cellulose

Question 49

What level of protein structure is associated with its function?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)binary

Question 50

Fats that stay liquid at room temperature are ____.

A)animal fats
B)unsaturated
C)transfatty acids
D)triglycerides
E)cholesterol

Question 51

Which nucleotide contains the sugar ribose?

A)DNA
B)ATP
C)RNA
D)cAMP
E)UBP

Question 52

Which pesticide can trigger rashes, hives, headaches and asthma?

A)atrazine
B)growth hormone
C)anthocyanin
D)DDT
E)sterols

Question 53

The most abundant lipids in the body are ____.

A)triglycerides
B)oils
C)waxes
D)fatty acids
E)phospholipids

Question 54

A phospholipid molecule contains a "head" portion that ____.

A)is hydrophilic
B)is derived from cholesterol
C)contains two fatty acid chains
D)is similar in structure to a triglyceride
E)forms a hydrophobic barrier

Question 55

Which class of fats are used to synthesize various vitamins and hormones?

A)fatty acids
B)triglycerides
C)phospholipids
D)sterols
E)waxes

Question 56

A protein combined with cholesterol in the blood is an example of a(n)____.

A)irregular protein
B)lipoprotein
C)glycoprotein
D)denatured protein
E)collagen

Question 57

There are how many different types of amino acids?

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20
E)50

Question 58

A lipid is a ____.

A)polar hydrocarbon
B)polar peptide
C)nonpolar peptide
D)Ionic polar hydrocarbon
E)nonpolar hydrocarbon

Question 59

Which nucleotide is associated with energy transfer?

A)DNA
B)ATP
C)RNA
D)cAMP
E)UBP

Question 60

What fat is the building block for cell membranes?

A)transfatty acids
B)sterols
C)phospholipids
D)triglycerides
E)cholesterol

Question 62

Glycogen, starch and cellulose are examples of ____________________ or complex carbohydrates.

Question 63

Nucleotides that move hydrogen atoms and electrons from one reaction site to another are known as ____________________.

Question 67

The protein enzymes in the stomach work best in a very acidic environment. As the material from the stomach moves into the small intestines the pancreas must secrete alkaline buffers into the small intestines. Based on what you know about pH and protein structure explain why this function of the pancreas is important to digestive function.

Question 68

____________________ determines the order in which amino acids form the primary structure of a protein.

Question 69

In saturated fats the fatty acid backbones have only a(n)____________________ covalent bond.

Question 70

DNA carries the genetic material while ____________________ processes the genetic information to build proteins in cells.

Question 71

A peptide bond is found between the amino group of one amino acid and the ____________________ group of a second amino acid.

Question 72

The interaction of many separate polypeptide chains determines the ____________________ structure of a protein molecule.

Question 73

Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of ____________________.

Question 74

The sterol ____________________ is a vital component of all cell membranes and is used to synthesize steroid hormones.

Question 75

Phospholipids contain ____________________ tails that are repelled by water.