Deck 11: Sexual Orientation

Question 1

Which theory would contend that homosexual orientation is the result of various reinforcements and punishments?

A) Sociological theory
B) Systems theory
C) Behaviorist theory
D) Interactional theory

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A bisexual person is erotically attracted to members of either sex. Such a person may also be referred to as being:

A) homosexual.
B) non-binary.
C) skoliosexual.
D) pansexual.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What has been found related to birth order and sexual orientation?

A) Gay men have more older brothers than heterosexual men.
B) Gay men have more older sisters than heterosexual men.
C) Gay men are typically the oldest children.
D) Gay men are more likely to be only children.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When people's behavior and beliefs about their sexual orientation are in conflict, social scientists usually define them by their:

A) emotional attachments.
B) sexual fantasies.
C) sexual behaviors.
D) sexual self-concept.

Question 5

Sexual orientation refers to the gender that a person is attracted to .

A) emotionally
B) physically
C) sexually
D) All of these are correct.

Question 6

What is the basic premise of reparative therapy?

A) Homosexual orientation is a form of social adjustment disorder.
B) Homosexual orientation is an illness to be cured.
C) Homosexual orientation leads to additional physical and emotional diseases.
D) The research evidence shows that a person can choose to change their sexual orientation.

Question 7

In addition to incorporating seven dimensions of sexual orientation into his model of sexual orientation, what else does Klein include as an important factor?

A) The concept of time-past, present, and ideal
B) The difference between a person's moral beliefs and their actual behaviors
C) The number of same-sex partners someone has before being considered homosexual
D) If a person's first sexual experience was same-sex or other-sex

Question 8

What statement best describes the Church's stance on same-sex relationships through the first 1,000 years of Christianity?

A) Initially the Church was concerned with only male same-sex relationships.
B) Initially the Church was concerned with only female same-sex relationships.
C) From the very beginning, the Church enforced strict sanctions against same-sex relationships.
D) For the first 1,000 years of Christianity, the Church was fairly indifferent toward same-sex relationships.

Question 9

All of the following are true of psychoanalytic theory and sexual orientation EXCEPT:

A) Freud believed people were inherently bisexual at birth.
B) Freud saw male heterosexuality as the result of normal maturation and homosexuality as a result of unresolved issues with one's other-sex parent.
C) Evelyn Hooker was an influential researcher who tried to combat the psychoanalytic view of homosexuality by proving that people who are homosexual are as well-adjusted as people who are heterosexuals.
D) males who were abandoned by their mother were more likely to be gay.

Question 10

Related to the role of prenatal hormones and development of sexual orientation, which statement gives the best description?

A) Prenatal hormone levels, especially those related to stress, seem to have a significant influence on the development of sexual orientation.
B) Prenatal hormones seem to be a strong predictor for females related to lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual development; however, there is no evidence to support an impact for males.
C) Males embryos are most impacted by prenatal hormones as a predictor of sexual orientation.
D) The overall evidence for the effect of prenatal hormones on both male and female sexual orientation development is weak.

Question 11

Evidence from studies of biological differences in sexual orientation is most likely to lead to what conclusion?

A) Biological factors are much stronger for lesbian women than for gay men.
B) Biology allows us to predict sexual orientation for almost 90% of people.
C) Biology probably interacts with social influences in predicting sexual orientation.
D) Biology plays no role in influencing sexual orientation.

Question 12

How did many scientists, during the 1930s and 1940s, try to explain homosexual orientation?

A) By exploring physical differences between male and female gay and straight people
B) By exploring men's and women's motivations to identify as gay or lesbian
C) By exploring brain differences between gay and straight men and lesbian and straight women
D) By exploring the family backgrounds of gay men and lesbian women

Question 13

What can be concluded about reparative therapy?

A) Research has found that in time, it is possible to change sexual orientation in about 80% of patients.
B) Reparative therapy may do more harm than good.
C) It is recommended by the American Psychological Association.
D) Although sexual orientation may not change, many patients report being happier as a result of the therapy.

Question 14

What best describes the current conclusion of much of the gender-role nonconformity research?

A) The findings show a cause-and-effect relationship between conformity to gender roles during early childhood and later sexual orientation.
B) The findings show no connection between conformity to gender roles during early childhood and later sexual orientation, but there is a connection related to gender.
C) The findings are primarily correlational in nature.
D) None of these.

Question 15

Although sexual orientation is a perceptually ambiguous category, what do people often use to determine whether a person is gay or lesbian?

A) Skoliosexual cues
B) Non-binary cues
C) Attachment behavior
D) Indirect cues such as gait and speech

Question 16

Physiological research related to sexual orientation has focused the most on which of the following characteristics?

A) Body shape
B) Voice tone
C) Amount of body hair
D) Finger length pattern

Question 17

How did Kinsey define sexual orientation?

A) More dependent on emotions and fantasies than on behavior
B) Best understood as a continuum of behavior
C) As two separate dichotomous categories
D) Based on past and present behavior

Question 18

Within the animal kingdom what statement is best supported by evidence?

A) Non-human animals rarely engage in same-sex behaviors.
B) Some non-human animals, such as penguins, will form lifelong same-sex partnerships.
C) Individual animals within non-human species who show same-sex behavior do not engage in other-sex behavior.
D) Non-human female animals do exhibit same-sex behaviors, such as mounting another female. This behavior is most common in the presence of other males competing for attention.

Question 19

What percent of variance in sexual orientation does current evidence suggest that genes account for?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 20

What is one criticism of the current theories that attempt to explain sexual orientation?

A) They ignore gender differences.
B) They ignore the interaction between biology, social, and cultural factors.
C) They ignore bisexual identity.
D) They ignore physical differences between gay and straight people.

Question 21

The term for being primarily emotionally, physically, sexually, and/or romantically attracted to some men, males, and/or masculinity is ________________.

A) homosexual
B) machismo
C) androsexual
D) gynesexual

Question 22

What is the largest and best-known magazine dedicated to gay and lesbian issues?

A) The Source
B) Pride
C) The Advocate
D) Coming Out

Question 23

In the Sambian culture, males practice sequential homosexuality primarily through what sexual activity?

A) Extramarital affairs
B) Oral sex
C) Father-son sexual contact
D) Anal intercourse

Question 24

Which statement about Kinsey's model of sexual orientation is NOT true?

A) It emphasizes people's behavior over their emotions and fantasies.
B) It considers the past, present, and ideal when classifying sexual orientation identity.
C) It was the first scale to suggest that people engage in complex sexual behaviors and are not simply "homosexual" or "heterosexual."
D) It is static in time.

Question 25

According to the six-stage model of gay and lesbian identity formation, what is the last stage in which the individual becomes fully comfortable with his or her sexual orientation and considers all aspects of his or her personality?

A) Identity tolerance
B) Identity acceptance
C) Identity pride
D) Identity synthesis

Question 26

According to your textbook, what is a practice used in South Africa to punish lesbian women?

A) Corrective rape
B) Community isolation
C) Spiritual ceremonies
D) Genital mutilation

Question 27

According to your text, homophobia is:

A) an anxiety about being in the presence of homosexuals.
B) hatred and violence toward homosexuals.
C) a fear of homosexuals and homosexuality.
D) all of these.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT included on the Kinsey continuum?

A) Exclusively homosexual
B) Predominantly homosexual, incidental heterosexual
C) Predominantly homosexual, lifestyle heterosexual
D) Equally heterosexual and homosexual

Question 29

What is one of the potential reasons discussed in your text for why lesbian women tend to earn more money than heterosexual women?

A) They are more likely to work in sex-industry jobs, such as strip clubs or pornography, in which women earn large amounts of money.
B) They are often thought of as "one of the guys."
C) They are less likely to leave the workforce to raise children.
D) Male employers tend to hire them because of the girl-on-girl fantasies that permeate male culture.

Question 30

Which statement describes many Central and South American countries' views of same-sex sexual behavior?

A) Any sexual contact between men is considered homosexual.
B) A man is not considered gay if he takes an active, penetrating role with male sexual partners.
C) Masculine and feminine roles are equally valued; therefore, homosexual orientation is not looked down upon.
D) A man is not considered gay if he takes a passive role in anal intercourse with another man.

Question 31

Low family acceptance during the coming-out process is related to increased risk of:

A) suicide.
B) use of illegal drugs.
C) unprotected sexual activity.
D) all of these.

Question 32

All of the following statements about same-sex sexual relations and Asian countries are true EXCEPT:

A) it wasn't until 2001 that the Chinese Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
B) homosexuality is often seen as a result of Western influences, considered a "Western social disease."
C) Buddhist countries generally accept homosexuality although they may have different laws for homosexuals and heterosexuals.
D) in India, which is a patriarchal country, lesbian women are generally more accepted than gay men.

Question 33

What greatly influenced the harsh attitude toward same-sex behaviors in the early American colonies?

A) The strong influence of the Catholic Church
B) The Puritanical origins of the early settlers
C) Interaction with Native Americans who condemned homosexuality
D) Early venereal diseases spread in the colonies by men who were gay

Question 34

Who would be most likely to hold a NEGATIVE view of homosexuals?

A) Sara, a 25-year-old female college graduate who's had five male sexual partners and is a Christian
B) Jarrod, a 25-year-old male college graduate who's had only one female partner and is an Atheist
C) Doug, a 40-year-old male college graduate who is not married, is Catholic, and holds traditional attitudes about gender roles
D) Joyce, a 40-year-old female doctoral student who is divorced and does not subscribe to any specific religious affiliation

Question 35

Which of the following is TRUE about children raised by same-sex parents?

A) When compared to those of heterosexual parents, children of same-sex parents have higher levels of psychological problems.
B) Children raised by same-sex couples are more likely to engage in sexual experimentation.
C) Children raised by same-sex couples are less likely to succeed academically compared to their peers raised by heterosexual parents.
D) Children of same-sex parents have been found to be equally well socially, emotionally, and cognitively compared to children of heterosexual parents.

Question 36

What have recent studies about sexual orientation and behavior NOT shown?

A) The number of Americans who have been identified as LGBT has remained fairly static since 2012.
B) Sexual behavior does not necessarily predict self-identified sexual orientation.
C) 16% to 20% of the adult population in the United States, United Kingdom, and France reported some same-sex attraction or behavior since age 15.
D) In 2016, about 10 million Americans have been identified as LGBT.

Question 37

If you wanted to live in a Latin American country with more openness to same-sex relationships and with the longest history of legalization of same-sex behavior, where would you live?

A) Uruguay
B) Columbia
C) Nicaragua
D) Brazil

Question 38

What is the Harvey Milk School?

A) A seminar series specifically developed to help parents of gay youth understand homosexuality
B) A school that offers conversion therapy to gay and lesbian youth
C) The first public school for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth
D) A graduate institution founded to encourage gay and lesbian students to enter politics

Question 39

Which statement below is TRUE regarding lesbian, gay, and bisexual seniors?

A) Most seniors who are gay or lesbian report higher levels of happiness when they have not disclosed their sexual orientation to others.
B) Seniors tend to be more comfortable with their identity and experience low levels of internalized homophobia.
C) Nursing home staff have been found to be intolerant or condemning toward residents with homosexual or bisexual orientation.
D) Gay and lesbian seniors are more likely to become involved in another long-term relationship if their partner dies than their heterosexual peers.

Question 40

What is a problem often faced by unmarried parents who are gay or lesbian?

A) A nonbiological parent may not be able to get benefits for his or her child through work.
B) Couples may have trouble gaining joint custody of a child.
C) A nonbiological parent may not be granted parental leave.
D) All of these

Question 41

Who would likely be most at risk for physical and emotional health issues?

A) Nicole, a White bisexual female
B) Neesha, a Black lesbian female
C) Nick, a White gay man
D) Dean, a Black heterosexual man

Question 42

If you wanted to find a religious denomination that is the most accepting of homosexuality, you would most likely become a member of which congregation?

A) Catholic
B) Pentecostal
C) United Church of Christ
D) Orthodox Jew.

Question 43

What is the term for the idea that all standards of correct behavior are determined by one's own cultural background?

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Self-centrism
C) Heterocentrism
D) Culturalism

Question 44

All of the following are true about lesbians EXCEPT:

A) studies have found that lesbians who feel supported and accepted have higher levels of self-esteem and well-being.
B) the research on lesbianism suggests that women's sexual identity is more fluid than men's.
C) compared to heterosexual women, lesbians have an increased risk for health problems, including higher levels of depression and antidepressant use.
D) lesbians have been found to seek preventive care at lower rates than heterosexual women.

Question 45

A person who experiences emotional, physical, sexual, and/or romantic attraction for members of all gender identities/expressions is called ____________________.

A) asexual
B) pansexual
C) gynesexual
D) skoliosexual

Question 46

Being primarily emotionally, physically, sexually, and/or romantically attracted to some women, females, and/or femininity is called __________________.

A) asexual
B) androsexual
C) gynesexual
D) skoliosexual

Question 47

What is contemporaneous bisexuality?

A) Individuals (primarily men) who are married and have homosexual sexual relationships on the side
B) Those who were in long-term heterosexual relationships before coming out as homosexual
C) Having sex exclusively with one gender followed by sex exclusively with the other gender
D) Having sexual partners of both sexes during the same period

Question 48

What is sequential bisexuality?

A) Having sexual partners of both sexes during the same period
B) Having sex exclusively with one gender followed by sex exclusively with the other
C) Identifies those who were in long-term heterosexual relationships before coming out as homosexual
D) Individuals (primarily men) who are married and have homosexual sexual relationships on the side

Question 49

What is the term for the practice of engaging in same-sex sexual behaviors while being excluded from heterosexual encounters (such as in prison) with the plan to return to heterosexual relationships?

A) Situational homosexuality
B) Confinement homosexuality
C) Opportunistic homosexuality
D) Isolated homosexuality

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of heterosexism, most likely based on lack of awareness as opposed to stemming from homophobia?

A) Refusing to hire someone who is gay
B) Asking a little girl if she is going to marry a prince when she grows up
C) Writing on invitations: "Feel free to bring a friend"
D) Beating up a young man because he is homosexual

Question 51

A college is required to report all hate crimes in compliance with the:

A) Employment Nondiscrimination Act.
B) Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
C) Hate Crimes Right to Know Act.
D) civil right laws of each local jurisdiction.

Question 52

Irrational fear, negativity, or prejudice against bisexuals and bisexuality is known as ________________.

A) sequential bisexuality
B) heterophobia
C) biphobia
D) contemporaneous bisexuality

Question 53

Which of the following describes hate crimes?

A) Hate crimes include crimes motivated by hatred of religion, sex, race, and sexual orientation.
B) According to the APA, hate crimes against people who identify as LGBT are the most socially acceptable crimes.
C) Hate crimes are known as "message crimes."
D) All of these are true.

Question 54

All of the following are true of bisexual sexual orientation and identity EXCEPT:

A) people who identify as bisexual tend to self-label later in life than gay or lesbian individuals.
B) bisexual individuals are more accepted than lesbian women in both heterosexual and LGBT communities.
C) bisexuality is a relatively new "categorization" of sexual identity.
D) compared to gay men and lesbian women, bisexual individuals have been found to have decreased social well-being.

Question 55

A person who experiences little or no sexual attraction to others and/or a lack of interest in sexual relationships/behavior is _____________________.

A) androsexual
B) pansexual
C) skoliosexual
D) asexual

Question 56

Being primarily emotionally, physically, sexually, and/or romantically attracted to some genderqueer, transgender, and non-binary people is called ___________________.

A) gynesexual
B) skoliosexual
C) asexual
D) pansexual

Question 57

What is the term used to describe the assumption that everyone has heterosexual attraction and will eventually form a long-term relationship with a member of the other sex?

A) Homophobia
B) Heterosexism
C) Heterophobia
D) Homosexism

Question 58

The United Church of Christ is known to have welcomed which of the following members?

A) Heterosexual only
B) Gay
C) Transgender
D) All members regardless of sexual orientation

Question 59

Which of the following religions have traditionally strongly opposed homosexual behavior?

A) Islam and Jainism
B) Taoism and Hinduism
C) Christianity and Judaism
D) Sikhism and Buddhism

Question 60

According to Kinsey and his colleagues' (1948) research, for how many years between the ages of 16 and 55 were 10% of White men mostly gay?

A) 10 years
B) 1 year
C) 3 years
D) 7 years

Question 61

Which statement about same-sex relationships in prison is NOT true?

A) Same-sex behavior in all-male or all-female environments is not unique to prisons-it can occur in similar environments, such as on ships at sea.
B) Forced sex is more common in men's prisons than in women's.
C) Sexual behaviors in prison are governed by a hierarchy of roles and relationships.
D) Same-sex relationships in prison are generally casual, with partners often being exchanged for others.

Question 62

Which of the following people are one of the most vulnerable groups, with an increased risk of physical and emotional health issues, shorter life experiences, and poverty rates of 21%?

A) Transgender people
B) Gay Black men
C) Black lesbians
D) White lesbians

Question 63

Which best describes the changes that have occurred in the coming-out process over the past several decades?

A) In the 1970s, many waited until adulthood to come out; in the 1980s and 1990s, people began coming out in their teens; and by 2007, they began coming out as early as middle school.
B) In the 1970s, many hid their sexual identities even as adults; in the 1980s and 1990s, people began coming out in adulthood; and by 2007, they began coming out in their teens.
C) In the 1980s, many waited until adulthood to come out; in the 1990s and early 2000s, people began coming out in their teens; and by 2015, they began coming out as early as middle school.
D) In the 1980s, many waited until late adulthood to come out; in the 1990s and early 2000s, people began coming out in early adulthood; and by 2015, they began coming out in their teens.

Question 64

_______________ occurs because of lack of heterosexual partners.

A) Bisexuality
B) Heterosexuality
C) Situational homosexuality
D) Contemporaneous bisexuality

Question 65

______________________ is a famous gay magazine.

A) The Advocate
B) Curve
C) Scruff
D) The Partner

Question 66

Which national organization is committed to the civil rights of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals?

A) PFLAG
B) Lambda
C) U2nite
D) Both a and b

Question 67

At which age does first awareness of sexual orientation typically occur?

A) Between the ages of 7 and 8
B) Between the ages of 8 and 9
C) Between the ages of 9 and 10
D) None of these are correct.

Question 68

What characterizes the "identity synthesis" stage of Cass's proposed stages of lesbian and gay identity formation?

A) The person realizes that there are many aspects of personality, of which sexual orientation is just one.
B) The person will next undergo the "identity pride" stage, which will complete the process of identity formation.
C) Since the person is comfortable with his or her lifestyle, homosexual contacts increase.
D) The person realizes that sexual orientation is a central part of personality.

Question 69

If you are lesbian or gay in our society, fear of intimacy is expressed through which of the following?

A) Heterophobia
B) Homophobia
C) Monosexism
D) Biphobia

Question 70

Which theories suggest that homosexuality develops in response to a person's upbringing and personal history?

A) Developmental theories
B) Behavioral theories
C) Biological theories
D) Sociological theories

Question 71

Which researcher(s) reported that 52% of identical twin brothers of gay men were also gay compared to 22% of fraternal twins?

A) Beaton and Mellor
B) Dorner
C) Sigmund Freud
D) J.M. Bailey and Pillard

Question 72

Biphobia is also known as ________________.

A) heterosexism
B) sequential bisexuality
C) heterophobia
D) monosexism

Question 73

Which state in the United States still had laws against same-sex couples until 2010?

A) California
B) Texas
C) Florida
D) Alabama

Question 74

When did same-sex marriage became legal in the United States?

A) 2012
B) 2014
C) 2015
D) 2017

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT one of Vivienne Cass's proposed six stages of lesbian and gay identity formation?

A) Identity loss
B) Identity comparison
C) Identity pride
D) Identity synthesis

Question 76

In which year did the Supreme Court overturn the Texas antisodomy law, which had made consensual sex between same-sex couples illegal?

A) 2005
B) 2000
C) 2001
D) 2003

Question 77

People who identified as bisexual often first identified as ________________.

A) lesbians
B) transgenders
C) heterosexuals
D) homosexuals

Question 78

In which year did President Obama rescind his support for the Defense of Marriage Act?

A) 2012
B) 2015
C) 2014
D) 2011

Question 79

Which of the following is true according to biological theories?

A) Nothing is physically different between homosexuals and heterosexuals.
B) Social forces produce homosexuality in a society.
C) Homosexuals are physically different from heterosexuals.
D) Homosexuality is a learned behavior.

Question 80

Biological theories claim that differing sexual orientations are due to differences in physiology. These differences can be due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) genetics.
B) birth order.
C) DNA.
D) hormones.