Deck 18: The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

Question 1

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. United States v. E. C. Knight Company

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. J. Pierpont Morgan

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Wildcat Strikes

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Piedmont

Question 5

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago

Question 6

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Vertical integration

Question 7

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Standard Oil Trust

Question 8

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. George Westinghouse

Question 9

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Collis Huntington, Jay Gould

Question 10

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Terence V. Powderly, Knights of Labor

Question 11

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Horatio Alger, "Rags to Riches"

Question 12

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. John D. Rockefeller

Question 13

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison

Question 14

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Horizontal integration

Question 15

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Andrew Carnegie

Question 16

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Samuel Gompers, American Federation of Labor

Question 17

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. William H. Sylvis, National Labor Union

Question 18

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Interstate Commerce Act

Question 19

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Question 20

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Henry W. Grady, New South

Question 21

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Pinkerton agents

Question 22

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Laissez-faire

Question 23

The 1892 World's Columbian Exposition was

A) a conference held in Colombia to promote industrial development in the Americas.
B) a World's Fair held in Chicago, Illinois.
C) a meeting held in the District of Columbia to expose industrial working conditions.
D) the first international labor relations conference held at Columbia University in New York City.
E) a meeting held in Chicago by the leaders of the major industrial unions, to find a method of cooperating in the struggle against big corporations.

Question 24

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Mary Harris Jones, United Mine Workers of America

Question 25

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Haymarket Square

Question 26

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. "Yellow dog contracts"

Question 27

Why was the Interstate Commerce Commission established?

A) to investigate and oversee railroad activities.
B) to control fluctuations in the international grain market.
C) to encourage interstate cooperation in commercial ventures.
D) to regulate the disruptive activities of industrial unions.
E) to encourage Americans not to buy imported goods.

Question 28

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Railroad Strike of 1877

Question 29

Besides the fact that its all-inclusive membership undermined its unity, why did the Knights of Labor collapse in the late 1880s?

A) Workers became disillusioned when a series of unauthorized strikes failed.
B) A large percentage of the population became alienated by the union's failure to offer membership to black workers.
C) Its attempts to bribe elected officials led to embarrassing scandals.
D) Skilled workers became angered by the union's plan to help unskilled workers.
E) The union's support of Karl Marx angered many capitalists.

Question 30

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Henry George, Progress and Poverty

Question 31

Which of the following was not one of the features that dominated the world of large-scale manufacturing after the Civil War?

A) a new focus on energy conservation and finding alternatives to fossil fuels.
B) the rapid spread of technological innovation.
C) a demand for workers who could be carefully controlled.
D) the constant pressure on firms to compete tooth-and-nail by cutting costs and prices, eliminating rivals, and creating monopolies.
E) a relentless drop in prices.

Question 32

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinism

Question 33

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Marxism

Question 34

Which of the following statements concerning the use of technology in industry in the second half of the nineteenth century is true?

A) It required a better-educated work force.
B) It allowed traditional craftsmen and artisans to maintain their dominance over production.
C) It made it possible for manufacturers to hire cheap unskilled or semiskilled labor.
D) It was primarily the hallmark of giant corporations.
E) It made it possible for manufacturers to eliminate human labor power altogether.

Question 35

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Homestead Strike

Question 36

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward

Question 37

At the end of the Civil War, what communications system did the railroads use to coordinate their complex flow of rail cars?

A) The telephone
B) The Pony Express
C) The magnetic telegraph
D) The internet
E) Text-messaging

Question 38

Instructions: Identify the following. Be as specific as possible, and include names, dates, and relevant facts as appropriate. Be sure to explain the significance of the person or term. Pullman Strike, Eugene V. Debs, In re Debs

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the period from 1860 to 1900 is not true?

A) U.S. textile and iron production tapered off.
B) Boom-bust business cycles produced two major depressions.
C) Manufacturing output soared.
D) Innovative advertising and marketing techniques were created.
E) Industry often polluted the environment.

Question 40

Which of the following was not one of the ways that Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry?

A) incorporating the Bessemer process in his steel manufacturing factories.
B) standardizing workplace procedures to achieve greater efficiency.
C) utilizing vertical integration to minimize costs and maximize profits.
D) restructuring the criteria for wages so that his workers could have the highest wage scales in the country.
E) applying rigorous cost accounting.

Question 41

The Piedmont is an area stretching

A) from Texas to North Dakota.
B) from Virginia to Alabama.
C) from California to Washington.
D) from Pennsylvania to Illinois.
E) from Florida to Louisiana.

Question 42

How did industrialization affect skilled craftsmen?

A) Subdividing the manufacture of a product into smaller jobs meant that an individual no longer manufactured an entire product.
B) Skilled craftsmen were needed to operate machinery.
C) The tension of assembly-line work caused formerly sober, disciplined craftsmen to drink on the job.
D) Skilled craftsmen were transformed into "aristocrats" in the world of labor.
E) Industrialization allowed skilled craftsman to flourish as many people came to realize the value of products produced by hand.

Question 43

Which of the following issues did not impede the growth of unions in the late 19^th century?

A) Divisions between skilled craftsmen and common laborers
B) Ethnic and religious diversity of the working class
C) Limited financial resources
D) Lack of interest on the part of workers because their real wages were rising and conditions were improving
E) Divisions over tactics

Question 44

Where did Andrew Carnegie learn many of the successful management methods he used in the steel?

A) as a bookkeeper in the textile industry in his native Scotland.
B) as a secretary for the Singer Sewing Machine Company.
C) as a foreman in the meatpacking industry in Chicago.
D) as a bartender at an Edinburgh pub.
E) as an employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Question 45

In the late nineteenth century, child labor was

A) common in the coal mines and cotton mills.
B) uncommon because children were not strong enough to handle the large machines and fast pace of factory production.
C) uncommon because children had to stay in school until age sixteen.
D) uncommon because for the first time childhood was seen as a distinct stage of life reserved for innocence, play, education, and maternal love.
E) common in the economically-depressed south, but uncommon in the prosperous north.

Question 46

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A) fined violators up to $5 million.
B) was interpreted by the Supreme Court in ways sympathetic to labor unions.
C) defined clearly defined controversial terns like "trust" and "restraint of trade" for the first time.
D) called for up to 10 years in jail for individuals creating monopolies.
E) outlawed trusts and other monopolies that fixed prices in restraint of trade.

Question 47

Which of the following is not one of the reasons that the American Federation of Labor was the most successful union of the late 19^th century?

A) It had a strong leader in Samuel Gompers.
B) It limited its membership to skilled workers allowing the union more unity.
C) It clearly defined its objectives.
D) It was a tightly organized federation that required all members to give up their autonomy and independence for the good of the whole.
E) It focused on practical tactics aimed at bread-and-butter issues.

Question 48

Who led the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike?

A) James Weaver
B) James Blaine
C) Eugene V. Debs
D) Chester Arthur
E) Terrence Powderly

Question 49

Which of the following statements concerning the United States Steel Company is true?

A) It was Andrew Carnegie's steel company in the 1870s and 1880s.
B) It was the steel company operated by the United States government when it nationalized the steel trust.
C) It was the first business capitalized at more than $1 billion.
D) It was created by J.P. Morgan to compete with Federal Steel.
E) It was the first company to issue stock to meet its huge capital needs.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about upward mobility in the late nineteenth century is the most accurate?

A) Andrew Carnegie's rise from poverty to colossal wealth was typical of the opportunities open to immigrants in America.
B) Few industrial leaders came from the privileged classes because they were too soft to make it in the world of competitive capitalism.
C) Skilled workers had few opportunities to rise to the top in small companies.
D) Immigrants who got ahead in the late nineteenth century were more likely to go from rags to respectability than from rags to riches.
E) Middle class Americans tended to slide downward more often than rise upward in socio-economic rank.

Question 51

Which of the following was the result of the rapid industrial development of the United States between 1860 and 1900?

A) increased demand for and the importance of skilled artisans.
B) an economy dominated by enormous corporations.
C) the near extinction of small, specialized companies.
D) reduced use of women and child laborers in mines and mills.
E) marginalization of the richest 5% of the American population.

Question 52

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between single working-class women and married working-class women in the nineteenth century?

A) Married women commonly hired maids and cooks to ease the burden of their work at home, whereas single women usually did most of the work themselves.
B) Married women commonly worked under sweatshop conditions within the tenements, whereas single women often viewed outside work as an opportunity.
C) Married women worked in cigar factories, whereas single women did needlework at home.
D) Married women were able to work in factories because of the large number of unmarried women available to provide childcare.
E) Married women had the assistance of their husbands at home and in the factory, while single women accepted an ideology of domesticity based on the idea of separate spheres.

Question 53

Who supported the New South Creed?

A) industrialists who believed that the South's natural resources and cheap labor made it a natural site for industrial development.
B) white supremacists who believed that "the South will rise again" through the subjugation of the black race.
C) fundamentalist Southern Baptists who believed that the "Second Coming" of Christ was close at hand.
D) aristocratic southern families who believed that the South would flourish again only if it returned to the plantation system.
E) Northerners who believed that a new "accomodationist" approach had to be used if the south were to be brought back to economic health.

Question 54

Which of the following did Thomas Edison invent?

A) sewing machine
B) refrigerated rail cars
C) Phonograph
D) Bessemer converter
E) refrigerated railroad cars

Question 55

In the United States v. Knight Company , the Supreme Court diminished the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by ruling that

A) manufacturing was not interstate commerce.
B) the Granger Laws were unconstitutional because states could not regulate interstate commerce.
C) all trusts and monopolies in interstate commerce were illegal and could be broken up by the federal government.
D) employers could force employees to sign and abide by "yellow dog contracts."
E) holding companies, which simply owned a controlling share of the stock of other firms, were not subject to antitrust laws.

Question 56

Why did women join the work force in growing numbers in the late nineteenth century?

A) The feminist movement encouraged farm girls and young immigrant women to work in order to become independent of their families.
B) Changes in agriculture brought young farm women into the industrial labor force, and immigrant daughters worked to supplement meager family incomes.
C) Industrialists thought women would have a civilizing influence on the brutal factory conditions.
D) Trade unions won a series of court cases opening employment opportunities for women.
E) The Civil War had created a shortage of male workers.

Question 57

What did Henry George argue in Progress and Poverty ?

A) that industrialization was the key to progress and the end of poverty.
B) that socialism was the answer to the end of poverty.
C) that industrialization had led to a great deal of misery.
D) that the government needed to fight poverty by limiting industrialization.
E) that the government should tax the "unearned increment" of rising land prices and use the funds to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization.

Question 58

Who founded Standard Oil?

A) Jay Gould
B) Leland Stanford
C) John D. Rockefeller
D) J.P. Morgan
E) Andrew Mellon

Question 59

How did southern cotton mills differ from northern cotton mills in the 1880s?

A) Southern cotton mills hired mostly single women.
B) Southern cotton mills were located in the countryside rather than cities.
C) Southern mill workers were paid better than northern mill workers.
D) Southern cotton mills used traditional handicraft methods rather than machinery to produce cloth.
E) Southern cotton mills tended to be smaller, with safer working conditions.

Question 60

What did Henry Grady advocate?

A) He proposed expanding the rights of black Americans in the South.
B) He argued that the South should continue to base its economy on agricultural production.
C) He advocated diversifying the economy and expanding industrial production in the South.
D) He called for a national referendum to allow the South to secede peacefully.
E) He supported the construction of military bases throughout the South.

Question 61

Describe the concept of Social Darwinism and how it came to influence American society. Who were its main supporters? Who were its main opponents? How did it influence the development of Big Business?

Question 62

Immigrants often saw America as a land of opportunity. What was the reality of the opportunity for most immigrants? Did an immigrant's ethnic background ¾ German, Irish, Chinese, Slavic, French-Canadian ¾ have an effect on his or her place in America, particularly in the work force? Explain.

Question 63

Why did the South lag behind the North in industrial development? What was the New South Creed, and how did the South start to catch up in manufacturing? How did shifts in the southern economy affect blacks and poor rural whites?

Question 64

Who argued that "The law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest."?

A) Lester Frank Ward
B) William Graham Sumner
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Josiah Strong
E) William Sylvis

Question 65

Why did railroads lead the way in the creation of big businesses? Who were some of the most important railroad entrepreneurs? What effect did the expansion of railroads after the Civil War have on the United States?

Question 66

Explore how advertising and marketing changed the late 1800s. Who were the major innovators in these areas, and what methods did they use? How successful were they in convincing Americans to try new products?

Question 67

Horatio Alger influenced American society by

A) propagating the "rags to riches" idea.
B) describing the perilous conditions in factories and lobbied Congress to regulate them.
C) organizing workers into the National Labor Union.
D) convincing many Americans that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior to all others.
E) leading a movement to expand public education to include all children in the United States.

Question 68

Which the immigrants in the West bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s?

A) Jewish immigrants
B) Chinese immigrants
C) Irish Catholic immigrants
D) Russian immigrants
E) Mexican immigrants

Question 69

According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, about how many railroad workers were killed or injured on the job in 1889?

A) about 45 killed and 1,000 injured
B) Between 4,000 and 5,000 killed and injured
C) Close to 10,000 killed and injured
D) about 14,000 killed and 16,000 injured
E) about 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured

Question 70

Compare and contrast the strategies, membership, leadership, and philosophies of the National Labor Union, the Knights of Labor, and the American Federation of Labor. How successful was each organization in attaining its goals?

Question 71

"Yellow dog" contracts were contracts

A) in which employers agreed not to hire Chinese immigrants.
B) in which workers promised not to strike or join a union.
C) that guaranteed that only union members would be hired.
D) that permitted only Asian immigrants to be hired.
E) that limited wages to no more than $2 a day.

Question 72

What was the result of the Haymarket Square bombing in 1886?

A) It led to increased sympathy for workers and unions.
B) It resulted in the election of several German-born anarchists to the Illinois state legislature.
C) It led to the arrest of the police who fired on the crowd.
D) It resulted in intensified animosity toward labor unions.
E) It led to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act.

Question 73

Mary Harris Jones

A) was a leader of the United Mine Workers of America who expanded its membership by stressing the need to fight for families.
B) founded to the Women's Christian Temperance Union to try and reduce drinking in the laboring class.
C) lobbied for reform in how the mentally handicapped were treated.
D) assassinated James Garfield in 1881.
E) persuaded Andrew Carnegie that well paid workers would be the best workers.

Question 74

Discuss the factors that drew more women into the work force during the second half of the nineteenth century. What kinds of women were likely to work outside their homes? What kind of work was available to them?

Question 75

What did Karl Marx argue?

A) that a classless society would emerge when capitalism triumphed around the world.
B) that individual economic theories were only as effective as those who practiced them.
C) that workers who knew they would be given a competitive wage would be the most loyal to a company.
D) that capitalists would eventually bring about their own destruction by driving impoverished workers to revolt.
E) that only be introducing Biblical principles in the workplace could their was harmony between business owners and their workers.

Question 76

Which of the following was not one of the principles advocated by Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor?

A) Immigration restrictions.
B) Temperance.
C) The admission of blacks into local Knights of Labor assemblies.
D) Producer and consumer cooperatives.
E) Widespread and aggressive use of strikes.

Question 77

How effective was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act as a weapon against "big business"? Was "Big Business" the only kind of "combination" the act was used against in the late nineteenth century?

Question 78

Analyze the rise in Big Business in the Gilded Age. Why was there a trend towards bigger businesses after the Civil War? How did the rise in Big Business affect business activities, including labor, and the economy? Why was the Big Business's rise so significant to the development of the American economy?

Question 79

Describe the traditional "working-class culture" of skilled craftsmen in the first half of the nineteenth century. How did industrialization affect the working conditions and status of these craftsmen? What did they do in response to industrialization?

Question 80

What innovations in technology and business drove increases in industrial production after 1865?