Deck 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Question 1

By 1860, the richest 10 percent of the population in the cities held what percentage of the wealth?

A)70 to 80 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent

Answer 1

70 to 80 percent

Question 2

Which of the following methods was often employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline?

A)Repeated beatings
B)Deportation to the colonies
C)Heavy fines for lost time

Answer 2

Repeated beatings

Question 3

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of which of the following resources?

A)Banking facilities
B)Roads and means of transportation
C)Manpower

Answer 3

Roads and means of transportation

Question 4

How is the new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution best described?

A)They relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
B)They were basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C)They were never adopted by the working class.

Question 5

To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to do which of the following?

A)Export fewer goods to continental countries
B)Prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad
C)Limit financial investment overseas

Question 6

Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)A rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor
B)Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise
C)A ready supply of domestic and colonial markets

Question 7

Which of the following describes a major difference between British and continental industrialization?

A)Government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B)Britain relied upon railroads while continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C)Government played a larger role in continental industrialization.

Question 8

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by doing which of the following?

A)Using serfs to provide cheap labor in factories
B)Paying workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do
C)Protecting infant industries with high tariffs

Question 9

The European population explosion of the nineteenth century resulted from which of the following?

A)Increased birthrates across Europe
B)The disappearance of famine from western Europe
C)The lack of emigration

Question 10

Compared to Britain, why was American industrialization such a capital-intensive endeavor?

A)There was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the United States.
B)There was a skilled labor surplus in the United States.
C)There was a skilled labor surplus in Britain.

Question 11

Which of the following was Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851?

A)A giant display of a large variety of goods produced by British industries
B)A national fair celebrating Queen Victoria's marriage to Prince Albert
C)A series of public lectures and celebrations of Britain's empire.

Question 12

Which one of the following men established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?

A)Samuel Slater
B)Richard Arkwright
C)Eli Whitney

Question 13

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers in which of the following ways?

A)They were no longer given money and instead were often paid in kinds.
B)They no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
C)They were less vulnerable to more rapid cycles of economic boom and bust.

Question 14

By the early nineteenth century, much of India had fallen under the control of which of the following entities?

A)The Dutch East India Company
B)The British East India Company
C)The Qing dynasty of China

Question 15

How is the so-called American System best described?

A)It involved the use of low tariffs to strengthen new industries.
B)It reduced costs and revolutionized production through labor-saving innovations in manufacturing.
C)It referred to the establishment of a common market for the Western Hemisphere.

Question 16

Which of the following regions was the early center of American industrialization?

A)The South
B)The Midwest
C)The Northeast

Question 17

Historians generally agree that the Industrial Revolution began during which of the following periods?

A)Before 1700
B)Between 1700 and 1750
C)Sometime after 1750

Question 18

Which of the following pairs of nations were the first continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system?

A)France and Italy
B)Belgium and Germany
C)Prussia and Poland

Question 19

The Great Hunger in Ireland stemmed from the spread of a fungus that attacked which of the following?

A)The potato crop
B)Sheep
C)The wheat crop

Question 20

The Industrial Revolution on the Continent first occurred between 1815 and 1850 in which of the following countries?

A)Belgium
B)Spain
C)The Austrian Empire

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a reason that owners of cotton factories employed children?

A)The small size of children facilitated their movement around machines.
B)Children represented a cheap supply of labor.
C)Compulsory education from age five to age eight meant they could follow written instructions from factory supervisors.

Question 22

What was the significance of canals to the Industrial Revolution?

Question 23

What material conditions helped drive the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Question 24

How are members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century best described?

A)They intentionally excluded aristocrats from their schemes.
B)They were usually not very wealthy, working to earn funding instead of relying on family fortunes.
C)They were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.

Question 25

The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)Internal customs posts
B)Roads
C)Canals

Question 26

How is urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century best described?

A)It was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain.
B)It caused over 50 percent of the Russian population to live in cities by 1850.
C)It was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.

Question 27

Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?

A)Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.
B)A tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased population of most large cities.
C)Lower-class family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside.

Question 28

Why were new technologies like the power loom and the water frame so significant?

Question 29

Why was the factory system so different from previous models of industry?

Question 30

Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840s in Great Britain achieved all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)Establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847
B)Reduction of working hours for children to no more than twelve hours a day
C)Outlawing of women and children in coal mines

Question 31

How are demographic changes that resulted from industrialization best described?

A)The aristocracy moved from cities to escape the ill effects of factory development.
B)The new middle class moved to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
C)Laboring classes became more affluent and varied in their places of residence.

Question 32

The People's Charter drawn up in 1838 called for which of the following?

A)Workers throughout the country to break machines and burn factories
B)Universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament
C)The replacement of Parliament with a scheme of local governments

Question 33

How is the new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution best described?

A)It did not include women.
B)It worked in dangerous conditions for long hours.
C)It excluded children from factory work.

Question 34

Why were steam engines so important?

Question 35

The English Poor Law Act of 1834 had which of the following effects?

A)It established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
B)It placed a tax rate of 50 percent on the wealthy and redistributed that money among the poor.
C)It was voted down by the Lords and thus never got out of parliament.

Question 36

Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution experienced which of the following?

A)A significant transformation in female working patterns
B)A dramatic change in pre-industrial kinship patterns
C)Belonging to the majority of the workers in textile factories

Question 37

How is the Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living best described?

A)It especially benefited the middle classes.
B)It led to a much more equal wealth distribution between the richest and poorest classes in society.
C)It eventually led to an overall decrease in purchasing power for the working classes.

Question 38

What was the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and the agricultural revolution?

Question 39

How are the Luddites best described?

A)They received little support in their areas of activity.
B)They destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
C)They were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain.

Question 40

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by which of the following?

A)The urgent need to solve the great poverty in the eighteenth century
B)The failure of the cottage industry
C)Entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods

Question 41

How did government respond to early industrialization?

Question 42

Steam engines were powered by which of the following fuels?

A)Gasoline
B)Iron
C)Coal

Question 43

Why did Britain favor a policy of free trade during its dominance of industrial production? What results did this have?

Question 44

What was the typical diet of urban industrial workers? Why?

Question 45

How did factory work change the structure of working-class family life?

Question 46

Why did industrialization not occur in European states first? Discuss the relative advantages Britain had in the Industrial Revolution.

Question 47

What was the purpose of striking?

Question 48

What was the intent of the Factory Acts, and did it have the desired effects?

Question 49

How is Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century best described?

A)It was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
B)It was inspired by the textile industry found in the United States.
C)It declined due to the lack of technical innovation.

Question 50

What was the relationship between population growth and industrial growth?

Question 51

Why were railways and canals important to industrialization in the United States?

Question 52

Describe a typical member of the new urban bourgeoisie.

Question 53

How did industrialization occur in the United States?

Question 54

How was cottage industry supplanted by other forms of production during the Industrial Revolution? Why did these changes occur?

Question 55

Why did France and the Netherlands promote industrialization?

Question 56

Describe a typical member of the new urban working classes.

Question 57

Why was emigration seen as a potential beneficial trend in Europe?

Question 58

How did immigration affect nineteenth-century cities in destination countries?

Question 59

How did continental governments respond to industrialization?

Question 60

Which was more important to the industrial revolution in Britain: government policies or material circumstances? How were they related?

Question 61

The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as which of the following?

A)Puddling
B)Cottling
C)The open hearth

Question 62

How did people respond to the decline in living and working conditions in urban industries? Were radical responses successful in achieving their objectives?

Question 63

To what extent did public health reforms improve the lives of urban industrial workers? To what extent did it have unintended negative consequences?

Question 64

James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for which of the following inventions?

A)The spinning jenny
B)The mule-powered Newcomen engine
C)A rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton

Question 65

Why was the development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution so important to Britain?

A)It increased British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
B)It increased the size of markets and the price of goods in British cities.
C)It brought about the demise of British joint-stock companies.

Question 66

Which of the following best describes why the steam engine was so important to the development of industry?

A)It allowed production to occur anywhere, not just in windy areas or by rivers.
B)It allowed renewable sources of energy, like water, to be used to power production.
C)It allowed horses to be used for other tasks, like farming or transport.

Question 67

Which was more important to U.S. industrial development: linkages with Britain, the U.S. transportation network's growth, or slavery? Why?

Question 68

How had the experience of work changed for city dwellers by the 1850s? What had caused these changes?

Question 69

Did emigration present net benefits or net detriments to European states whose populations were regular emigrants? Is the same true of countries like the United States and Australia that received most of these immigrants?