Deck 19: The French Revolution the Affirmation of Liberty and Equality

Question 1

The nobles of the robe

A) could trace their aristocratic ancestry back centuries.
B) had purchased their titles from the king.
C) were aristocrats residing at Versailles.
D) were lawyers.
E) had formerly been cloth merchants.

Answer 1

had purchased their titles from the king.

Question 2

The Catholic Church in Old Regime France was responsible for

A) registering births, marriages, and deaths.
B) censoring books.
C) collecting the tithe.
D) controlling public worship.
E) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

All of the following were attributes of the Third Estate EXCEPT

A) bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban laborers.
B) lack of access to choice positions in the church and government.
C) no possibility of upward mobility.
D) growing poverty towards the end of the 18th century.
E) possession of 50-60 percent of the land.

Answer 3

no possibility of upward mobility.

Question 4

The administrative system of eighteenth-century France before the Revolution

A) included overlapping systems of Roman and feudal law.
B) was administered by competent officials selected by merit.
C) utilized a standard system of weights and measures to facilitate trade.
D) prompted the admiration of the philosophes.
E) had an efficient judicial system.

Question 5

The parlements and especially the parlement of Paris effectively limited the absolute monarch by

A) ordering a lit de justice in which the king was actually brought into the parlement on a bed and forced to make his case.
B) using the filibuster to block legislation.
C) threatening to impeach the king.
D) refusing to register the king's decrees.
E) refusing to meet.

Question 6

The political demands of the bourgeoisie included

A) the opening of all positions to people of talent.
B) constitutional monarchy with a parliament.
C) the elimination of waste, inefficiency, and interference with business.
D) freedom of thought, fair trials, and religious tolerance.
E) all of the above

Question 7

In the eighteenth century, French peasants had to face all the following problems EXCEPT

A) poverty due to a high birthrate.
B) internal unrest and frequent civil war.
C) inefficient farming methods and a lack of innovation.
D) rising manorial dues, continuing tithes, and royal taxes.
E) inflation and poor harvests towards in the 1780s.

Question 8

On the eve of the French Revolution, many French peasants

A) still owed labor service to their lords.
B) remained serfs.
C) were freed from the requirement of giving a portion of their produce to pay for use of their lord's mill.
D) lived rent-free on their lands.
E) had rising expectations for their economic future due to modest increases in prosperity.

Question 9

On the eve of the Revolution, the Estates system in France referred to the

A) customary, informal division of French society into three groups.
B) legal division of French society into three distinct groups.
C) vestiges of manorialism: manors worked by serfs.
D) Estates General's limitation of the king's powers.
E) plantations in the French West Indies.

Question 10

At the core of the political deal made to convene the Estate General after 175 years was

A) the desire of the Third Estate to have its voice heard.
B) Louis XVI's intention to further weaken the nobility.
C) the intention of the nobility to weaken the crown.
D) the resistance of the bourgeoisie to paying higher taxes.
E) consensus that the experiment in absolutism had failed.

Question 11

The Third Estate comprised what percent of the population in France?

A) 65 percent
B) 78 percent
C) 84 percent
D) 89 percent
E) 96 percent

Question 12

The French king's finances were burdened to crisis proportions as the result of

A) the extravagance of Versailles under the new queen, Marie Antoinette.
B) the War of Austrian Succession.
C) the Seven Years' War.
D) aid to the American revolutionaries.
E) the South Sea Bubble.

Question 13

All of the following contributed to the French government's financial crisis in the 1780s EXCEPT

A) debt remaining from earlier wars.
B) the poverty of France.
C) tax exemptions for and tax evasion by the nobility, the clergy, and the wealthy bourgeoisie.
D) an inefficient tax collection system.
E) well-meaning but ineffective leadership.

Question 14

The arguments of revisionist historians include the fact that

A) France before 1789 did not have a self-conscious bourgeois class with aspirations of control of the state.
B) the bourgeois sought to acquire noble status rather than eliminate it.
C) many nobles were involved in business areas traditionally considered the province of the bourgeoisie.
D) some nobles shared with the bourgeois the liberal values of the Enlightenment.
E) all of the above

Question 15

French urban laborers during the Revolutionary period

A) remained passive due to gnawing poverty.
B) were limited to unskilled workers and the unemployed.
C) suffered particularly from the rapidly rising price of bread.
D) experience a drop in wages of 22 percent.
E) all of the above

Question 16

Historian Albert Soboul identified the essential cause of the Revolution as

A) the power of a mature bourgeoisie whose progress was being thwarted by an obdurate and decadent aristocracy.
B) anger of the bourgeoisie that they were not permitted to acquire land.
C) distress over the Brunswick Manifesto.
D) the aristocracy's revival of old feudal burdens on the peasantry.
E) the king's inability to take decisive action.

Question 17

All of the following were attributes of the Second Estate EXCEPT

A) uniformity of background and solidarity of purpose.
B) approximately 350,000 individuals out of a population of 26 million.
C) exemption from most taxes and the power to collect manorial dues from the peasants.
D) possession of the highest positions in the army, church and government.
E) some engagement in banking, finance, commerce, and industry.

Question 18

The ideals of the Enlightenment that shaped the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 included

A) the destruction of the privilege and despotism of the Old Order.
B) the emancipation of humanity from superstition and tradition.
C) the refashioning of institutions according to reason and justice.
D) the elimination of barriers to inequality.
E) all of the above

Question 19

Members of the rising French bourgeoisie were likely to express their new power by

A) getting younger sons influential positions in clerical orders.
B) buying land in the French countryside and living like nobles.
C) striving for university professorships if their sons were qualified.
D) seeking high positions in the colonies.
E) reinvestment in industry and patronage of the arts.

Question 20

All of the following were attributes of the First Estate EXCEPT

A) an upper clergy associated with the nobility.
B) a lower clergy (parish priests) associated with commoners.
C) exemption from royal taxes.
D) possession of 30 percent of the land in France.
E) a state within a state, including censorship and tithes.

Question 21

The events surrounding the creation of the National Assembly included all of the following EXCEPT

A) the Third Estate unilaterally declaring the creation of the National Assembly.
B) the Third Estate taking an oath to write a constitution after being locked out of its meeting place.
C) the idea of a National Assembly received support from the clergy.
D) Louis XVI's ultimate refusal to let the nobility and the clergy join the National Assembly.
E) at one point, Louis XVI seemed ready to use the army to disperse the National Assembly and end the revolution.

Question 22

The Third Estate took a solemn oath not to disband until a constitution had been drawn up

A) on the road to Versailles during a protest march.
B) at the meeting place of the parlement of Paris.
C) at the Bastille.
D) on a tennis court.
E) in the Paris grain market.

Question 23

In 1789, prior to the meeting of the Estates General, both the liberal nobles and the bourgeois called for

A) ​ a national assembly.
B) a written constitution.
C) financial reforms.
D) freedom of the press.
E) all of the above

Question 24

The controversy over voting in the Estates General centered on the issue of whether

A) the three Estates would meet and vote separately or would meet as one body with each deputy having one vote.
B) roll calls would be standard procedures or voice votes would suffice.
C) the Third Estate should have twice as many deputies as either of the other two.
D) absent deputies had forfeited their votes.
E) the clergy should continue to have a vote.

Question 25

The text has used the phrase "death warrant of the Old Regime" to refer to

A) the fall of the Bastille.
B) the massacre of the Swiss Guards.
C) the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
D) the Brunswick Manifesto.
E) the execution of Louis XVI.

Question 26

The conflict that paralyzed the Estates General in May 1789 was

A) the continuing conflict between the crown and the aristocracy.
B) a new conflict between the Third Estate and the other two privileged Estates.
C) the general uprising of the peasantry to abolish residual feature of serfdom and manorialism
D) tension between the bourgeois members of the Estates General and the sans-culottes .
E) none of the above

Question 27

In June 1791, Louis XVI

A) ordered the Second and First Estates to join the National Assembly.
B) sent Marie Antoinette back to Austria as a precaution.
C) attempted to flee France to rally foreign support against the revolution.
D) moved foreign regiments into the Paris suburbs.
E) was executed.

Question 28

The National Assembly produced all the following EXCEPT a

A) document embodying Enlightenment political theory and called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
B) set of laws, confiscating Church property and making the clergy elected officials of the state.
C) standardized court system and new departments of roughly the same size to replace the old provinces.
D) constitution granting all adult men the right to vote.
E) series of measures facilitating business.

Question 29

The episode known as the Great Fear refers to

A) reaction in the countryside to the Jacobin Terror.
B) the rebellion in the Vendée.
C) the rural reaction to rumors that aristocrats were organizing attacks on peasants.
D) popular reaction to the invasion of France by Prussia and Austria.
E) anxiety in the royal court due to the escalating instability.

Question 30

Which of the following was NOT a factor leading up to the storming of the Bastille?

A) hope for positive change
B) the bombardment of a working class neighborhood
C) distress due to the soaring price of bread
D) anxiety that the National Assembly would be dissolved
E) fear of an aristocratic and royal plot against the Third Estate

Question 31

Which socioeconomic group benefited most from the Revolution during the years 1789-1792?

A) the bourgeoisie
B) the nobility of the robe
C) the peasantry
D) urban laborers
E) all groups except the clergy

Question 32

Louis XVI returned to Paris in October 1789 after a march by

A) Parisian housewives protesting the lack of bread.
B) aristocrats protesting their loss of hunting privileges.
C) rural peasants protesting their feudal dues.
D) former political prisoners protesting their incarceration.
E) urban apprentices protesting their unfair service contracts.

Question 33

In the spring and summer of 1789, French peasants did all of the following EXCEPT

A) hope that the Estates General and the National Assembly would address their grievances in the cahiers de doléances.
B) manifest their trust in the king and the Church.
C) fear that the growing number of beggars would seize their crops.
D) refuse to pay royal taxes, tithes and manorial dues.
E) destroy the records and sometimes the manors of their lords.

Question 34

In April 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria for all the following reasons EXCEPT

A) a war, it was believed, would unite the nation.
B) Austria was harboring and supporting the emigrés.
C) many felt a need to spread the revolution for the good of mankind.
D) France was already being attacked by Austria's allies.
E) there were indications that Austria was preparing to attack.

Question 35

On August 4, 1789, the aristocrats

A) ordered the execution of peasants who had responded to the Great Fear with force.
B) passed a resolution in support of their manorial courts and tax exemptions.
C) surrendered an array of special political and economic privileges.
D) voted to reject the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
E) demanded an end to the National Assembly.

Question 36

The sans-culottes increasingly opposed the bourgeoisie because they

A) believed that the bourgeoisie was becoming the new privileged class.
B) envisioned a nation of small shopkeepers and farmers rather than one of big business and a truly free market.
C) believed laws should be passed to reduce economic inequality.
D) demanded that wages be increased and prices on food be controlled.
E) all of the above

Question 37

The National Assembly enacted which of the following policies concerning religion?

A) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
B) laws confining the Jews to ghettos
C) anti-Protestant legislation
D) de-Christianization of state and society
E) all of the above​

Question 38

The consequences of the fall of the Bastille included all of the following EXCEPT

A) the destruction of a symbol of despotism.
B) Louis XVI's decision to withdraw the army from Paris.
C) the survival of the National Assembly.
D) the decision of some nobles to flee the country.
E) the liberation of a large number of revolutionaries who took control of the Revolution.

Question 39

The cahiers de doléances refer to

A) revolutionary pamphlets created mainly by philosophes.
B) lists of grievances prepared by the three orders of French society during the election to the Estates General.
C) problems of the bourgeoisie exclusively.
D) lists of potential revolutionaries detained indefinitely in the Bastille.
E) the preamble of the new French Constitution.

Question 40

Those who were small shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners are best denoted by the term

A) sans-culottes.
B) enragés .
C) bourgeoisie.
D) Jacobins.
E) nouveau riches.

Question 41

What title did Napoleon take at the coronation ceremony in 1804?

A) "First Consul for Life"
B) Dictator Magnus
C) "President of the Republic"
D) "Emperor of the French"
E) "Napoleon I"

Question 42

Which of the following is sequenced correctly?

A) Estates General, Legislative Assembly, National Assembly, National Convention
B) Legislative Assembly, Estates General, National Assembly, National Convention
C) National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, Estates General, National Convention
D) Estates General, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention
E) Estates General, National Convention, Legislative Assembly, National Assembly

Question 43

Both the Girondins and the Jacobins came from the bourgeoisie. Which of the following statements BEST describes their differences?

A) The Girondins favored a centralized government and strongly supported the sans-culottes.
B) The Jacobins were allied with the sans-culottes but were less well-organized than the Girondins.
C) The Jacobins supported a government in which Paris would serve as the center of power.
D) The Girondins favored tight government controls on the economy.
E) The Jacobins wanted the universal male suffrage for citizens but instituted firm controls over slaves in the French colonies.

Question 44

Who was known as "the Incorruptible"?

A) Robespierre
B) Marat
C) Danton
D) Saint-Just
E) Babeuf

Question 45

Napoleon's centralized state

A) was supported by a vast network of officials throughout the entire nation.
B) allowed him to concentrate power in his own hands.
C) provided him with taxes and soldiers to fight his wars.
D) was aided by his use of secret agents and summary trials to quiet opponents.
E) all of the above

Question 46

Prior to the French Revolutionary wars, Napoleon Bonaparte

A) was born on Corsica.
B) was a member of a petty noble family.
C) finished a military school in mainland France.
D) served as an artillery officer.
E) all of the above

Question 47

The counterrevolutionary insurrections were the result of protests by the peasants

A) against taxation.
B) in support of the Catholic tradition.
C) in support of royalism.
D) against conscription.
E) all of the above

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the Thermidoreans?

A) democrats
B) individuals favoring the 1789-1791 political system
C) members of the bourgeoisie who attempted to continue Robespierre's policies
D) "madmen" who stoke the fire of sans-culotte anger
E) socialists

Question 49

Which of the following statements concerning Toussaint L'Ouverture is NOT correct?

A) Toussaint was the son of a minor African chieftain who was sold into slavery.
B) Toussaint was educated in French, Latin, and geometry.
C) Toussaint distinguished himself as a military commander, leading an army of slaves in the West Indies.
D) Toussaint became assistant governor of the French sugar colony of San Domingo.
E) Toussaint finished his career as a highly placed administrator in Napoleon's France.

Question 50

The "law of the maximum" decreed by the Jacobins

A) confiscated all landholdings over 200 acres in size.
B) ordered the summary execution of all persons held in French prisons on charges of counterrevolution.
C) fixed prices on bread and other necessities.
D) ordered the registration of all adult males between the ages of 17 and 53 for military duty.
E) prevented members of the Legislative Assembly from being elected to the National Convention.

Question 51

Among the principles incorporated into the Code Napoléon were all of the following EXCEPT

A) equality of all adult men before the law.
B) freedom of religion.
C) restoration of seized lands to émigré nobles.
D) protection of property rights.
E) secular character of the state.

Question 52

Sometimes used as a symbol of the French Revolution, the Terror

A) executed about half a million people.
B) used special courts that more often than not issued long prison sentences.
C) served as a means of helping to shape the new republican society.
D) secured France's frontiers and ended the civil war.
E) continued through the Directory.

Question 53

The Concordat of 1801 was responsible for

A) restoring lands confiscated during the early Revolution.
B) finalizing the divorce agreement between Napoleon and Josephine.
C) settling affairs between France and the Catholic Church.
D) finalizing the catechism that was to be taught to French children.
E) peace with the other great powers of Europe.

Question 54

Considering the different evaluations of Napoleon's relationship to the Revolution, the safest thesis would be that Napoleon

A) completely destroyed the Revolution.
B) preserved and strengthened many of the accomplishments of the Revolution but only in France.
C) preserved and strengthened many of the accomplishments of the Revolution in France and spread them to other countries.
D) embodied the Revolution and made the Revolution's accomplishments permanent.
E) was actually irrelevant to the Revolution.

Question 55

Robespierre wrote that terror was necessary to overcome obstacles to the enlightenment of the people caused by

A) France's traditional enemy, the British.
B) traitors and writers who misled the people.
C) officers of the Austrian army who spread propaganda within France.
D) Protestant ministers who attacked Catholicism.
E) the emigrés who secretly returned to France.

Question 56

The author states that the French Revolution

A) preserved as much as it changed.
B) brought an end to the ideals of the Enlightenment.
C) gave rise to many of the positive and negative aspects of modern society and government.
D) was overshadowed by the American Revolution.
E) effectively ended the Old Regime without giving direction to subsequent developments.

Question 57

In response to the Duke of Brunswick's manifesto, Parisians

A) issued a manifesto of their own declaring neutrality in the war.
B) attacked Louis XVI's palace and massacred hundred of his supporters.
C) arrested and executed Robespierre.
D) proclaimed their loyalty to Napoleon.
E) none of the above

Question 58

To gain the support of various groups in society and to win the war, the Jacobins did all the following EXCEPT

A) facilitating the purchase of land by peasants.
B) abolishing imprisonment for debt.
C) implementing a constitution that gave all adult males the right to vote in 1793.
D) drafting unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25.
E) requiring factories and mines to operate at full capacity and requisition resources necessary for the war effort.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT true of the Republic's policy of de-Christianization?

A) Priests were dismissed and church closed in many regions.
B) Churches were stripped of items that could be used to support the war effort.
C) Robespierre was the primary supporter of de-Christianization.
D) The Convention drew up a Republican calendar to replace the Old Christian calendar.
E) The cathedral of Notre Dame hosted a celebration of the goddess Reason.

Question 60

In his approach to France's domestic problems, Napoleon

A) combined the ideas and practices of the Revolution with enlightened despotism.
B) was determined to pursue the ideals of the Revolution to their logical extreme.
C) abandoned even the most lasting changes made by the Revolution in favor of stability.
D) showed an uncompromising hostility to the church.
E) had an Old Regime respect for rank.

Question 61

Napoleon's education reforms

A) marked a radical departure from the school reforms initiated during the Revolution.
B) guaranteed that education in France would be secular.
C) emphasized church involvement in the establishment and teaching of the curriculum.
D) aimed at equal educational standards for men and women.
E) all of the above

Question 62

The French Revolution revolutionized warfare by

A) creating a mass army of recruits.
B) instilling soldiers with heightened patriotism.
C) rewarding talent with promotion.
D) making the cause not only French but the good of humanity.
E) all of the above

Question 63

Napoleon's "hundred days" proved

A) his continued immense popularity in France.
B) that Napoleon thoroughly understood the French soldier.
C) Napoleon's supreme self-confidence.
D) the weakness of the restored Bourbon dynasty in France.
E) all of the above

Question 64

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
cahiers de doléances

Question 65

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
notables

Question 66

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
nobles of the robe

Question 67

The less liberal side of the Code Napoléon included all of the following EXCEPT

A) denial of equal treatment to workers dealing with their employers.
B) retention of serfdom in some parts of France.
C) provisions giving the husband nearly absolute power over his wife.
D) provisions making divorce harder for women than for men.
E) denying children's rights.

Question 68

With the loss of the Grand Army in the invasion of Russia

A) Napoleon abdicated immediately.
B) Napoleon was unable to raise a new army.
C) most of France's allies formed an anti-French coalition.
D) the French Empire fell within two years.
E) all of Napoleon's accomplishments were lost.

Question 69

The Continental System may be best associated with

A) the attempt to destroy Britain's economy.
B) the placement of Napoleon's relatives on thrones.
C) conscription for the Grand Army.
D) control of inflation on the European continent.
E) enthusiastic support from Europe's businessmen.

Question 70

In 1814, Napoleon was exiled to

A) his native Corsica.
B) the Island of Saint Helena.
C) the Island of Elba.
D) Haiti.
E) Madagascar.

Question 71

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Old Regime

Question 72

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
nobles of the sword

Question 73

Key Terms
Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
remonstrate

Question 74

Reforms in Prussia introduced between 1807 and 1813 included

A) ​the abolition of serfdom.
B) ​the awarding of army commissions on the basis of merit.
C) ​the establishment of national conscription.
D) ​the granting of considerable self-administration to towns.
E) ​all of the above

Question 75

All of the following were parts of Napoleon's economic program EXCEPT

A) building or repair of roads, canals, and bridges.
B) establishing tariffs and loans to aid industry.
C) establishing the Bank of France.
D) letting the price of bread float free.
E) stimulating employment for the poor.

Question 76

The inhabitants of which state fought a "War to the Knife" against the French?

A) Spain
B) Austria
C) Sweden
D) Prussia
E) Venice

Question 77

Napoleon's term for Britain was

A) "a nation of shopkeepers."
B) "perfidious Albion."
C) "the scrofulous bulldog."
D) "the limey gourmands."
E) " l'infâme incroyable !"

Question 78

Which of the following was NOT an ally of Napoleon's Empire?

A) Russia
B) Prussia
C) Austria
D) Britain
E) Denmark

Question 79

The text asserts that the main reason for Napoleon's downfall was

A) the fact that Europe was not ready for revolutionary reforms.
B) Napoleon's boundless ambition.
C) opposition by Napoleon's opponents on the continent.
D) Great Britain.
E) opposition within France.

Question 80

Napoleon's domination of the continent

A) was welcomed by the aristocracy and the clergy.
B) was welcomed by the bourgeoisie.
C) strengthened the traditional guild systems.
D) was universally popular among Europeans.
E) did not coincide with the diffusion of revolutionary institutions outside France.