Deck 8: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Infancy

Question 1

Infants usually ___________ their birth weight by 4 to 6 months and ___________ it by 1 year.

A) increase/sustain
B) sustain/double
C) double/triple
D) triple/quadruple

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Infants need a higher energy intake than adults because the ___________ rates of infants and their needs for growth and development are very high.

A) physical activity
B) cognitive learning
C) resting metabolic
D) fat storage

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Dental caries are linked to which of the following actions?

A) Putting infants to bed with bottles filled with milk, juice, or other carbohydrate-rich fluids that nourish decay-producing bacteria
B) Allowing the infant to eat candy
C) Neglecting flossing for the infant
D) Fluoride and calcium deficiencies in teeth development

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Infant cow's milk allergies should result in switching to which type of formula?

A) Goat's milk
B) Lactaid milk
C) Soy-based milk
D) All of the these are good options.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a common barrier to breastfeeding?

A) Extended separation from infant
B) Long maternity leave periods
C) Lack of traditional knowledge and cultural acceptance
D) All of these are barriers.

Question 6

Milk production requires about _____ kcal every day for a lactating woman.

A) 300
B) 500
C) 800
D) 1,000

Question 7

Which of the following provides food, nutrition counseling, and access to health services to low-income women, infants, and children?

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program
B) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
C) WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
D) Title V of the Social Security Act

Question 8

Which of the following provides vouchers redeemable for fresh fruits and vegetables at farmers' markets? The purpose of this program is to increase the awareness and use of farmers' markets to selected participants in the WIC program in addition to their regular WIC benefits.

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program
B) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
C) WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
D) Title V of the Social Security Act

Question 9

Inadequate, absent, or delayed prenatal care may cause nutritional deficiencies. The ideal time to start prenatal care is when?

A) Before conception
B) 20 weeks after conception
C) 18 weeks after conception
D) 24 weeks after conception
E) None of these is correct.

Question 10

What is a good first food to offer an infant who is 0 to 4 months old?

A) Iron-fortified rice cereal
B) Orange juice
C) Breastmilk
D) Strained vegetables

Question 11

Judith is concerned about consuming caffeine during her pregnancy because of its known ability to decrease the availability of all of the following except:

A) calcium.
B) iron.
C) vitamin E.
D) zinc.

Question 12

Kelly is planning on having a baby and decides to visit a dietitian for nutritional counseling. Her dietitian explains the importance of receiving enough folic acid before and after conception, and that _____ of the incidences of neural tube defects could be prevented with a daily intake of 400 micrograms of folic acid per day.

A) 5 to 10%
B) 20 to 30%
C) 30 to 50%
D) 50 to 70%

Question 13

The nutritional needs for a lactating mother are different from those of a pregnant woman because the average milk secretion per day is:

A) 750 to 800 mL.
B) 450 to 500 mL.
C) 800 to 950 mL.
D) 600 to 700 mL.

Question 14

During the second and third trimester, a pregnant woman needs an additional _________ kcal per day.

A) 200
B) 340 to 450
C) 640 to 500
D) 600

Question 15

Additional energy intake for lactation is recommended to be ______ kcal per day above prepregnancy levels.

A) 300
B) 640
C) 500
D) 200

Question 16

The production of human breastmilk requires:

A) an additional 800 kcal per day.
B) doubling the protein intake.
C) no more food energy than before pregnancy.
D) doubling the milk intake.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 17

Mary just brought her newborn to the doctor for a checkup. She discovered that her infant was dehydrated. What may have caused her baby's dehydration?

A) High solute intake
B) Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever
C) High protein intake
D) All of these are correct.

Question 18

Dietary assessment during the first trimester should include:

A) dietary history.
B) pica practice.
C) lactose intolerance and phenylketonuria.
D) food allergies and intolerance.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 19

Bethanne is so excited about her decision to become pregnant. What are the preventive measures Bethanne can take to avoid birth defects?

A) Taking a folic acid supplement
B) Rubella and hepatitis B immunizations
C) Avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and pesticides
D) All of these are correct.

Question 20

Iron supplementation increases the incidence of _______, as well as low fiber and low fluid intake.

A) Heartburn
B) Constipation
C) Eclampsia
D) Diabetes

Question 21

All of the following are issues in adolescent pregnancy that influence nutritional well-being except:

A) relationship with the father of the child.
B) peer relationship.
C) month of conception.
D) prenatal care.

Question 22

Peggy is very health conscious and is interested in finding out how many calories her infant should be consuming. How many calories do infants age 6 to 12 months need?

A) 1,000 kcal per day
B) 850 kcal per day
C) 650 kcal per day
D) 400 kcal per day

Question 23

A bottle with juice, breastmilk, or formula should not be given to an infant when putting him/her to bed mainly because:

A) they will become too dependent on it.
B) it will distract them from getting adequate rest.
C) dental caries or tooth decay will form.
D) it will cause wet sheets which can cause colds.

Question 24

Jackie is a worried mother and likes to make sure her children are healthy. She is worried her infant isn't getting enough iron in her diet. What can cause iron deficiency in infants?

A) Inadequate dietary iron intake
B) Too much feeding of milk
C) Not enough iron-fortified solid foods
D) All of these are correct.

Question 25

Sarah is a single mother in need of financial assistance. Which agency could provide Sarah and her children with food, nutrition counseling, and access to health services?

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program
B) BabyCal
C) WIC
D) SNAP

Question 26

Which of the following provides commodity foods to emergency kitchens, homeless shelters and similar organizations that serve meals to low-income individuals?

A) Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
B) The Emergency Food Assistance Program
C) Nutrition Assistance Program
D) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Question 27

An adolescent who becomes pregnant is at risk because:

A) she doesn't know how to care for herself.
B) she hasn't established good eating habits.
C) she herself is still in a growth stage of development.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 28

Heather is 16 and recently found out she is pregnant. She hasn't been able to quit smoking yet. The effects of cigarette smoking by pregnant women include:

A) increased risk of a low-birth-weight infant.
B) decreased oxygen supply to the fetus.
C) physical malformation of the fetus.
D) increased risk of a low-birth-weight infant and decreased oxygen supply to the fetus.
E) decreased oxygen supply to the fetus and physical malformation of the fetus.

Question 29

Name three factors that affect the health of a mother and her fetus.

Question 30

Name two guidelines for pregnant women to avoid food-borne illness.

Question 31

A burning sensation in the lower esophagus near the heart is called:

A) heart burn.
B) indigestion.
C) dysguesia.
D) esophageal ulcer.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a remedy for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?

A) Diet changes
B) Waiting until after morning to eat
C) Use of ginger extract
D) Increased fluids

Question 33

_____________ at the beginning of pregnancy is linked to a risk of preterm delivery and low-birth-weight infants; and during pregnancy it is very dangerous because it increases the risk of maternal and infant death significantly and may contribute to low iron status in the infant.

A) Heart burn
B) Gestational diabetes
C) Hypertension
D) Iron deficiency anemia

Question 34

A client with a Nutritional Risk Score of lower than _________ is at nutritional risk.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80

Question 35

A client with a Nutritional Risk Score of lower than __________ should receive nutrition counseling.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80

Question 36

A dietician evaluating a pregnant client should look for which of the following factors?

A) Nausea, vomiting
B) Lactose intolerance
C) Constipation
D) All of these are correct.

Question 37

Techniques for evaluating a pregnant client's status include all except which of the following?

A) Dietary assessment
B) Clinical observations and physical examination
C) Anthropometry
D) Cultural background

Question 38

Which of the following is not a risk factor during the onset of pregnancy?

A) Frequent pregnancies: three or more during a 2-year period
B) Poor obstetric history or poor fetal performance
C) Education level
D) Poverty

Question 39

Adolescents have more of which of the following, than adult women?

A) Miscarriages
B) Premature births
C) Stillbirths
D) All of these are correct.

Question 40

The desire to carry out a successful pregnancy and acceptance of responsibility describes which issue affecting teenage pregnancy nutritional wellbeing?

A) Acceptance of the pregnancy
B) Food resources
C) Body image
D) Peer relationship

Question 41

Family meals (timing, quantity, quality) and food assistance (willingness to participate in WIC) describes which issue affecting teenage pregnancy nutritional well-being?

A) Acceptance of the pregnancy
B) Food resources
C) Body image
D) Peer relationship

Question 42

Degree of acceptance of an adult body and maturity in facing bodily changes throughout pregnancy describes which issue affecting teenage pregnancy nutritional well-being?

A) Acceptance of the pregnancy
B) Food resources
C) Body image
D) Peer relationship

Question 43

Studies show that structured exercise __________ times per week during the third trimester produced lower infant birth weights.

A) 1 to 2
B) 3 to 4
C) 5 to 6
D) 7 to 8

Question 44

Compared to women who are not physically active, women who remain active during pregnancy report fewer discomforts throughout their pregnancies and:

A) experience less morning sickness.
B) have shorter gestational periods.
C) gain less weight.
D) have decreased capacity to breastfeed.

Question 45

The odds of a lower infant birth weight were __________________ increased for those who exercised five or more times per week and __________ increased for those at the other extreme, who engaged in structured exercise two or fewer times per week.

A) mildly/modestly
B) substantially/insignificantly
C) mildly/insignificantly
D) substantially/modestly

Question 46

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that solid foods be introduced between the ages of ____________ months.

A) 0 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 4 to 6
D) 6 to 8

Question 47

Which of the following contributes to an increased metabolic rate in infants?

A) Crying
B) Large proportion of skin surface to body size
C) Increased heart beats per minute compared to an adult
D) All of these are correct.

Question 48

The carbohydrate in human milk and in infant formulas made from cow's milk is:

A) lactase.
B) prolactase.
C) lactose.

Question 49

Which of the following is a positive aspect of breastfeeding?

A) Provides appropriate amounts of energy and nutrients
B) Provides colostrum, which protects against infections
C) Rarely causes allergic responses
D) All of these are correct.

Question 50

Which of the following is stimulated by a rapid drop of serum progesterone and maybe estrogen after the delivery of the placenta. It is also accompanied by a significant decrease in breast milk levels of sodium, chloride, and protein and an increase in lactose and milk lipids?

A) Ductal filling
B) Pre-breastfeeding phase
C) Primary lactation
D) Lactogenesis

Question 51

Which of the following provides federal support to strengthen the states' ability to promote, improve, and deliver maternal and child health services and programs for children with special healthcare needs, mainly in rural areas and areas of severe economic distress?

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program
B) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
C) WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
D) Title V of the Social Security Act

Question 52

Which of the following is designed to break down barriers to care by providing accessible, culturally competent, and, in some communities, mobile clinics to minority groups? The program addresses the clients' basic health as well as prenatal care needs and makes referrals for depression or substance abuse screenings.

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program
B) Head Start Program
C) Cooperative Extension Program
D) Title V of the Social Security Act

Question 53

Corey was considered small for gestational age (SGA) when he was born; therefore, he must have weighed less than how much?

A) 25 kg
B) 5.5 lb
C) 15 kg
D) 6.5 lb

Question 54

In order for baby Lesley to be introduced to solid foods, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that she should be between which of the following ages?

A) 4 and 6 months
B) 1 and 3 months
C) 7 and 8 months
D) 9 and 10 months

Question 55

Megan just found out that she is pregnant. She has been eating more iron-rich foods such as kidney beans, raisins, and nuts. The dietary reference intake of _____ for iron is recommended for a healthy pregnant woman.

A) 10 mg
B) 27 mg
C) 35 mg
D) 60 mg
E) 120 mg

Question 56

Jill hasn't had an appetite for breakfast for weeks. She is usually hungry when she first wakes up, but now that she is 14 to 16 weeks pregnant, things have changed. What is/are the possible diet-related complications Jill maybe experiencing?

A) Anemia
B) Nausea and vomiting
C) Pregnancy-induced hypertension
D) Heartburn, constipation, and hemorrhoids
E) All of these are correct.

Question 57

Linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are high in human breast milk because they are needed for:

A) bile formation.
B) the growth of acid-producing bacteria.
C) brain development and visual acuity.
D) absorption of iron.

Question 58

Poor attention span, gross motor development, and intellectual performance in childhood have been linked to:

A) excessive calcium intake during childhood.
B) low blood iron.
C) vitamin C deficiency.
D) low blood calcium.

Question 59

What does nonorganic failure to thrive mean?

A) A diagnosed medical illness
B) Disturbances in the relationship between the primary caregiver and the infant
C) An acute or chronic disorder that interferes with normal nutrient intake, absorption, and metabolism

Question 60

Emily tried breastfeeding in the beginning, but she found there were too many obstacles to overcome and so she gave up. All of the following are barriers to breastfeeding except:

A) lack of husband's support.
B) lack of paid breastfeeding breaks in the workplace.
C) increased number of teenage and single mothers.
D) prolonged separation from the infant.

Question 61

Which of the following provides monthly supplemental food packages to low-income households living on Indian reservations?

A) Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
B) The Emergency Food Assistance Program
C) Nutrition Assistance Program
D) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Question 62

Which of the following provides food and nutrition assistance to low-income individuals through block grants to territory administrative agencies?

A) Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
B) The Emergency Food Assistance Program
C) Nutrition Assistance Program
D) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Question 63

Which of the following provides hands-on training in homes and community settings for the people of each community, usually through a state university?

A) Commodity Supplemental Food Program
B) Head Start Program
C) Cooperative Extension Program
D) Title V of the Social Security Act

Question 64

During the differentiation stage of pregnancy, three basic layers of tissue form and develop into three different organs called:

A) ectoderm, trophoblast, and mesoderm.
B) implantation, mitosis, and ectoderm.
C) ectoderm, placenta, and fetus.
D) ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
E) ectoderm, embryonic, and trophoblast.

Question 65

Factors that increased HIV transmission between mother and infant include which of the following?

A) Early mixed feedings
B) Nipple lesions
C) Mastitis
D) All of these are correct.

Question 66

Which of the following is the transition from pregnancy to lactation?

A) Lactogenesis
B) Ductal filling
C) Pre-breastfeeding phase
D) Primary Lactation

Question 67

The death of an infant under 1 year of age will be part of:

A) the Infant Mortality Death Certificate.
B) the Infant Demographic Data.
C) the Children Mortality Rate Data.
D) the Infant Mortality Rate Data.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 68

The protein requirement is increased to approximately ______ during pregnancy for the average woman.

A) 44 grams
B) 54 grams
C) 60 grams
D) 64 grams
E) 84 grams

Question 69

Many teenage women, especially the youngest ones, have not had time to store the nutrients needed to support their own rapid growth and development, much less store nutrients needed to support pregnancy and a developing fetus.

Question 70

Physical activity can facilitate labor and reduce psychological stress.

Question 71

Infancy is defined as the period between birth and 1 year of age.

Question 72

Insensible water loss is the continual loss of body water by evaporation from the respiratory tract and diffusion through the skin.