Deck 21: Program Planning Models and Theories

Question 1

___________ provide a framework for generating testable hypotheses and integrating empirical evidence and, over time, a road map for the design and implementation of intervention strategies while _______ are a mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together.

A) Theories, models
B) Models, theories
C) Theories, designs
D) Models, designs
E) None of these is correct.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Mitigating factors faced by health care providers and patients are likewise different from urban areas. The factors that conspire to impede rural Americans in their quest for better living include:

A) economic factors.
B) low literacy levels.
C) cultural and social delineations.
D) neglect by legislators.
E) the sheer isolation from living in remote rural areas.
F) All of these are correct.

Answer 2

F

Question 3

Which of the following are the 4 elements of diffusion that influence the adoption of a new idea?
I) Characteristics of the innovation
II) Communication channels
III) Geography
IV) Social system
V) Time

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II, III, and V
C) I, II, IV, and V
D) I, III, IV, and V
E) II, III, IV, and V

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The individuals who are pioneers, risk takers, the first to be interested in testing and developing new ideas are:

A) innovators.
B) early adopters.
C) early majority.
D) late majority.
E) laggards.

Question 5

______________ was developed as a joint project of the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

A) Transtheoretical Model of Change
B) Health Belief Model
C) MAPP
D) Precede-Proceed Model

Question 6

The stage that is characterized by unwillingness to make behavior changes anytime soon is which of the following?

A) Contemplation
B) Preparation
C) Action
D) Precontemplation
E) Maintenance

Question 7

Which of the following constructs consists of two components: confidence and temptation?

A) Self-Liberation
B) Self-Efficacy
C) Counter Conditioning
D) Decisional Balance
E) All of these are correct.

Question 8

Conceptual framework for which of the following models was developed from careful observations of how people quit smoking on their own compared to smokers in professional treatments?

A) Transtheoretical Model of Change
B) Health Belief Model
C) MAPP
D) Precede-Proceed Model
E) MAP-IT

Question 9

Which of the following is a tool that provides a guide to health professionals and community stakeholders? Adapted from the United States Department of Health and Human Services, this tool is intended to help communities plan and evaluate public health interventions that aim to address Healthy People 2020 objectives.

A) Transtheoretical Model of Change
B) Health Belief Model
C) MAPP
D) Precede-Proceed Model
E) MAP-IT

Question 10

Which of the following is not used when evaluating data over time?

A) Quality of data
B) Data Validity and Reliability
C) Limitations of Self-Reported Data
D) Implementing and adaptability
E) Data availability

Question 11

Which theory is derived from numerous psychological and behavioral theories in an attempt to understand possible reasons for widespread failure of people to accept disease preventive or screening tests for early detection of asymptomatic disease?

A) MAPP
B) Transtheoretical Model of Change
C) Health Belief Model
D) Precede-Proceed Model
E) MAP-IT

Question 12

Which of the following is a core construct of the transtheoretical model?

A) Stages of Change
B) Process of Change
C) Self-Efficacy
D) Decisional Balance
E) All of these are correct.

Question 13

MAP-IT stands for:

A) Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track.
B) Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Think.
C) Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Trick.
D) Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Truth.
E) Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Thick.

Question 14

Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory is a research theory that describes how a novel innovative idea, product, or positive health behavior (________) spreads through a community or social structure (________).

A) diffusion, innovation
B) innovation, diffusion
C) adapting, implementing
D) implementing, adapting

Question 15

Precede-Proceed are both acronyms with Precede standing for which of the following?

A) Predisposing
B) Reinforcing
C) Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation
D) Regulatory
E) A, B, and C

Question 16

Models and theories are used in program planning to identify, understand, and explain health behavior; provide a framework for program planners in selecting constructs; and to guide the development and implementation of interventions.

Question 17

Planning models are made up of a set of testable propositions; they serve as a blueprint for building and improving intervention programs.

Question 18

A planning model is like a theory.

Question 19

Laggards are very conservative or vulnerable groups with limited information and unstable incomes.

Question 20

Contemplation stage is intending to change within 6 months.

Question 21

Individuals cannot relapse or enter the cycle at any given stage before successfully reaching maintenance.

Question 22

Implementing entails two steps, which are data analysis and progress report.

Question 23

Coalitions also exist to address concerns of the communities such as security and community development, which typically have members with diverse interests and resources that can be pulled to address health concerns of the community.

Question 24

The Health Belief Model was developed from comparative review and analysis of psychotherapy and behavioral change theories.

Question 25

Assessment helps uncover not only the needs and resources of the program but will help you understand how to utilize resources that are already available to your program.

Question 26

The phase of social assessment involves identifying the behavioral, genetic, and environmental determinants most likely to influence the identified priority health problems.

Question 27

In Educational and Ecological Assessment, the Program planners after identifying the behavioral and environmental determinants that influence health outcomes in the community can select an analyze factors that predispose, reinforce, and enable the behaviors and lifestyle.

Question 28

Program planners must focus on the micro (organizational and environmental systems) and macro levels (individual, peer, and family) of alignment between the assessment of determinants and the selection of determinants.

Question 29

One of the unique advantages of using a Precede-Proceed model as an intervention framework is it allows for adjustments in intervention as a response to community needs and changes in the situation.

Question 30

The action cycle involves planning, implementation, and evaluation of the actions of the community in achieving its set goals, with each of these activities building upon the other.

Question 31

How different is a planning model from theory?

Question 32

Using systems thinking, give an example how you would avoid the unintended consequences. For example, our world is made of many complex relationships and interrelationships. Systems thinking provides a perspective that, most of the time, various components affect each other in various, and often unexpected, ways. So, for example, the use of the pesticide DDT to kill mosquitoes led to several unanticipated side effects. These included the decimation of several species of mosquito-eating birds and the rise of DDT resistant mosquitoes. Over time in some places, this dynamic made the mosquito problem worse (see "Unintended Consequences of DDT"). In organizations, systems thinking brings powerful tools and enlightened perspectives to organizational diagnosis, problem solving, strategy, and leadership (see "Linear vs. Systems Thinking").

Question 33

Describe in detail the model you would adopt to address alcoholism.