Deck 5: Simple Statistical Tools to Assess Health and Health Care Disparities

Question 1

Based upon the Study Guide/PowerPoints, data serves as the very foundation of the field of health and healthcare disparities. Thus, one must learn how to analyze data so that it can "give up" its secrets.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Based on the Study Guide/PowerPoints, in order to analyze data, we must first specify our model. Model specification involves:

A) Using research to create a theory regarding causes and effects (outcomes).
B) Seeking the database to use for our research.
C) Determining whether the data are "clean".
D) Applying various statistical processes to the data.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The Inverted Triangle Approach is a model introduced in the text which theorizes that health disparities measured by mortality and morbidity are a function of five "causes." Which item listed below was not included as a causal variable.

A) socioeconomic variables
B) environmental factors
C) behaviors, beliefs, norms and attitudes
D) genetic predisposition
E) health care access and services such as prevention and intervention; health screening, health diagnosis; heart treatment
F) Every item listed above was included as a causal variable

Answer 3

F

Question 4

The National Vital Statistics System is part of:

A) CMS
B) CDC
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above

Question 5

Based upon your reading of the text, the National Vital Statistics System primarily collects data on mortality directly from:

A) Family members of the deceased
B) Life insurance companies that covered the expenses of the deceased
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 6

According to the text, one can look at data on morbidity and mortality without applying any mathematical operations on the data.

Question 7

The first mathematical approach needed in order to seek to discover health disparities is to conduct a "count". The term "count" refers to:

A) Calculating a percent
B) Determining the frequency
C) Subtracting the smaller number from the larger
D) Calculating a proportion

Question 8

According to the Study Guide/PowerPoint, the count may distort your conclusion that a disparity exists if the count is not converted to a rate through a process which we call standardization.

Question 9

In Table. 5.1., the percent difference rate due to heart disease in the count number and annual crude death rates between Iowa and Pennsylvania is:

A) Pennsylvania's count number is 470.306% higher than Iowa's but the standardized annual crude rate is 114.76% higher
B) Pennsylvania's count number is 370.396% lower than Iowa but the standardized annual crude rate is 114.76% higher
C) Pennsylvania's count number if 370.306% higher than Iowa's but the crude rate is only 14.76% higher
D) None of the above are correct

Question 10

Nevada's:

A) Count number for deaths due to heart disease is 699 deaths lower than for Iowa
B) Count number for deaths due to heart disease is 89.74% as high as Iowa's
C) Annual crude death rate per 100,000 is 96.97% as high as Iowa's
D) Only a and b are true
E) Only b and c are true
F) None of the above are true
G) a, b, & c are true

Question 11

The prevalence rate is a synonym for the incidence rate.

Question 12

The prevalence rate is the proportion of the total population or a subpopulation affected by a condition:

A) Over a specified time period
B) At a single point in time
C) a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 13

The incidence rate:

A) Refers to the number of new cases of disease or deaths
B) Sometimes measures the total number of cases of disease even if they are not new
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 14

Specific rates and adjusted rates measure exactly the same thing.

Question 15

A _____ is less reliable.

A) Parameter
B) Statistic
C) There are no differences in reliability between a parameter or statistic
D) a and b are equally reliable

Question 16

Validity:

A) References whether the measurement instrument measures that which it purports to measure
B) References whether the measurement instrument will provide the same results when re-administered to the same user under the same circumstances
C) Both a and b
D) Neither a nor b

Question 17

A health disparity measure is extremely critical to the field of health disparity research because it measures the width of the differences.

Question 18

There are more than 200 techniques that were identified by Xu, Murphy, Kochanek, & Aria (2016) for use in calculating:

A) Health disparities
B) Death rates
C) Death counts
D) None of the above
E) a, b & c are all correct

Question 19

Health disparity data can be intentionally distorted by:

A) Stating the disparity from a negative perspective since individuals are more likely to remember "bad" things.
B) Using graphs that make the inequalities appear to be quite large
C) How the reference group is selected
D) a, b and c
E) a and b only
F) b and c only

Question 20

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services use a measurement of disparities that is called:

A) Maxima and Minima
B) Maximal rate difference
C) Percentage difference
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 21

Box 5.3. teaches readers to calculate a Percentage Difference without a reference group and:

A) The authors recommend that this approach be used
B) The authors recommend that the calculations for a percentage difference with a reference group be used
C) The "answers" rendered do not change by using or not using a reference group
D) The authors stated that a reference group should never be used because it can support tribalism

Question 22

Which statements below are true:

A) Univariate analysis and bivariate analysis are synonymous
B) Clinical significance and statistical significance are synonymous
C) Clinical significance and practical significance are synonymous
D) Based upon what you learned in Chapter 1, data differences are significant as long as the p-value is p>.10
E) A chi-square and t-test are both used to determine whether means of two different groups or subgroups are equal

Question 23

Interpreting the data in Table 5.4., one would conclude that:

A) Latino, African American, and Asian youth were more likely to carry weapons in 2015
B) Native Americans, Multiple Race, and White American youth were more likely to carry a weapon in 2015.
C) More youth carried weapons in 2015 than did not carry weapons.
D) a and b
E) b and c
F) None of the above are correct
G) a, b and c are true

Question 24

Which type of data listed below are interval data.

A) A grade of excellent on a Discussion Question in an online course
B) A temperature of 99.3 in a baby
C) race/ethnicity
D) All of the above

Question 25

The type of data determines the type of statistical analyses that can be applied.

Question 26

Which tests below are used to assess causation with nominal data?

A) Simple or multiple logistic regression
B) Discriminant analysis
C) Chi-square test
D) Fisher's exact test
E) a and b
F) b and c
G) c and d

Question 27

Which type of data listed below cannot be used to compare a mean?

A) Ratio data
B) Interval
C) Nominal
D) a and b
E) b and c
F) None of the above

Question 28

Which tests below are used to assess significance but not causation for nominal data:

A) Chi-square
B) Fisher's Exact Test
C) Discriminant analysis
D) Paired and independent t-tests
E) a, b
F) None of the above

Question 29

Correlation analysis is:

A) A way of analyzing causation
B) A method of assessing association
C) A measure of statistical significance only
D) A form of psychological analysis

Question 30

Path analysis is:

A) A form of regression
B) A form of ANOVA
C) A form of MANOVA
D) None of the above