Deck 19: Motor Performance in Adults

Question 1

Age-associated detrimental changes in motor performance may be the result of:

A) Degeneration of physiological systems
B) Psychological factors
C) Environmental factors
D) Degeneration of physiological systems and psychological factors
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An older adult's inability to catch a ball may be due to which of the following?

A) A decline in visual abilities
B) A decline in catching abilities
C) The size of the ball
D) A decline in visual abilities and in catching abilities
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Environmental factors that could influence motor performance include all of the following, except:

A) A task that requires quick movements
B) A poorly illuminated room
C) An uneven floor surface
D) Glare from bright lights
E) A windy day

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Reaction time refers to:

A) The time between the presentation of a stimulus and when it is picked up by one of the sensory systems
B) The time between the presentation of a stimulus and completion of a movement
C) The time between the presentation of a stimulus and initial activation of the appropriate muscle groups
D) The time between when sensory information is given meaning in the brain to the initial activation of the appropriate muscle groups
E) The time between when sensory information is given meaning in the brain to the completion of the movement

Question 5

The measurement of reaction time provides insight into:

A) The internal processes taking place during involuntary movement
B) The internal processes taking place during voluntary movement
C) The internal processes taking place during reflexive movement
D) The external processes taking place during voluntary movement
E) The external processes taking place during reflexive movement

Question 6

The performance-related fitness component that is represented by the time between the presentation of a stimulus and initial activation of the appropriate muscle groups is which of the following?

A) Agility
B) Balance
C) Coordination
D) Reaction time
E) Power

Question 7

The components of fractionated reaction time include all of the following, except:

A) Premotor time
B) Motor time
C) Reception time
D) Motor integration time
E) Reception overflow time

Question 8

Premotor reaction time is represented by which of the following?

A) The time between the first indication of electrical activity and initiation of the movement
B) The time between the onset of the signal and first indication of electrical activity in the muscles used to carry out the task
C) The time between the initial movement and the completion of the movement
D) The time between the presentation of the signal and the initiation of the movement
E) None of these is correct.

Question 9

Motor reaction time is represented by which of the following?

A) The time between the first indication of electrical activity and initiation of the movement
B) The time between the onset of the signal and first indication of electrical activity in the muscles used to carry out the task
C) The time between the initial movement and the completion of the movement
D) The time between the presentation of the signal and initiation of the movement
E) None of these is correct.

Question 10

Factors that reduce age-related differences in reaction time include all of the following, except:

A) Having the initiation signal be unfamiliar to all groups
B) Providing plenty of time to practice the task
C) Enhancing the quality of the initiation signal
D) When older adults have a high level of physical activity
E) Using only a single stimulus and a single response

Question 11

Psychological factors that may have the potential to slow an older adult's ability to respond quickly include all of the following, except:

A) Decreased motivation due to loss of spouse or friend(s)
B) Depression due to health problems
C) Anxiety about newness of task
D) Achievement focus results in preference given to the speed of task completion rather than the accuracy of task completion
E) Unfamiliar environmental conditions that result in the development of fears

Question 12

Research regarding aging and reaction time has indicated that:

A) Young active men had similar reaction times to those of older active men
B) Young inactive men had similar reaction times to those of older inactive men
C) Young inactive men had similar reaction times to those of older active men
D) Young active men had similar reaction times to those of young inactive men
E) Older active men had similar reaction times to those of older inactive men

Question 13

Components that may play an influential role in the control of a person's balance include all of the following, except:

A) Vestibular system
B) Digestive system
C) Muscular strength
D) Joint flexibility
E) Body morphology

Question 14

Body morphology factors that play a role in balance and postural control include all of the following, except:

A) Height
B) Body weight distribution
C) Joint flexibility
D) Foot length
E) Center of mass

Question 15

Muscular strength factors necessary for adequate balance and postural control include:

A) Ankle strength
B) Knee strength
C) Hip strength
D) Ankle and knee strength
E) All of these are correct.

Question 16

Muscle activation patterns of recovering from disturbed balance while in an upright position is reflected in all of the following statements, except:

A) Young adults tend to activate the ankle dorsiflexors first followed by the knee extensors
B) Some older adults will activate the knee extensors first followed by the ankle dorsiflexors
C) Older adults occasionally activate additional muscle groups not utilized by young adults
D) Young adults usually activate both the agonist and antagonist muscle groups while older adults do not
E) The activation pattern of older adults is often similar to the pattern of very young children

Question 17

As adults age the process of maintaining postural control and balance:

A) Becomes less efficient
B) Remains similar to that of young adults
C) Becomes more efficient
D) Does not change
E) Remains similar to that of adolescents

Question 18

Older adults are able to maintain their ability to recover from disturbed balance when which of the following systems remains intact?

A) Visual
B) Vestibular
C) Endocrine
D) Visual and vestibular
E) Visual and endocrine

Question 19

Environmental alterations that could enhance the stability of older adults include which of these?

A) Providing a soft, cushioned floor surface
B) Enhancing the level of illumination in a room
C) Increasing the visual field of the individual
D) Enhancing the level of illumination in a room and increasing the visual field of the individual
E) All of these are correct.

Question 20

Strategies incorporated by the individual to help offset the decline of stability include which of the following?

A) Improving muscular strength levels
B) Improving body composition
C) Maintaining joint flexibility
D) Improving muscular strength levels and body composition
E) All of these are correct.

Question 21

Adequate levels of muscular strength in the upper and lower legs as they relate to stability are important for which of the following?

A) Maintenance of balance
B) Avoidance of falls
C) Increase caloric expenditure
D) Maintenance of balance and avoidance of falls
E) All of these are correct.

Question 22

Psychological factors that are often found in individuals with hip fractures include:

A) Various levels of fear
B) Sense of overprotectiveness
C) Depression
D) Various levels of fear and depression
E) All of these are correct.

Question 23

Each year approximately ________ of adults over the age of 65 experience a fall.

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 60%
E) 80%

Question 24

Circumstances often associated with hip fractures include all of the following, except:

A) Increase in bone mineral density
B) Extensive time period of immobility
C) Greater dependency on others
D) Heightened possibility of institutional care
E) Susceptibility to deformity of the fracture site

Question 25

Factors that appear to predispose older individuals to falling include all of the following, except:

A) Increased use of medication
B) Increase in joint flexibility
C) Decrease in muscular strength
D) Decrease in proprioception
E) Slowing of reaction time

Question 26

Strategies that older adults may incorporate into their lives to reduce the possibility of falling include all of the following, except:

A) Strength training exercises
B) Increased room lighting
C) Avoiding uneven surfaces
D) Wearing proper footwear
E) Not using assistance devices

Question 27

Factors within the home of an older adult that may place her at risk for falling include which of these?

A) Stairs
B) Electrical cords
C) Small pets
D) Stairs and electrical cords
E) All of these are correct.

Question 28

Gait differences between younger and older adults include all of the following, except:

A) Older adults display shorter stride lengths than younger adults
B) Younger adults spend more time in the double support phase than older adults
C) Older adults have less toe-floor clearance than younger adults
D) Younger adults have greater gait velocity than older adults
E) Younger adults and older adults often use difference strategies when the foot clears objects on the floor

Question 29

Conditions that can affect gait include all of the following, except:

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Brain tumors
D) Tinnitus
E) Strokes

Question 30

The period of time during walking when both feet contact the ground surface at the same time is referred to as the:

A) Swing phase
B) Support phase
C) Period of double support
D) Gait phase
E) Gate phase

Question 31

Which of the following describes differences between younger and older adults in the manner in which they rise from a horizontal position on the floor?

A) Older adults tend to sit up, get onto all fours, move to a kneeling or squatting position, then pull up to a standing position.
B) Young adults tend to move from a horizontal to a vertical position in one fluid motion.
C) Young adults use a segmental approach while older adults do not
D) Older adults tend to sit up, get onto all fours, move to a kneeling or squatting position, then pull up to a standing position, and young adults tend to move from a horizontal to a vertical position in one fluid motion.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 32

Environmental modifications that can assist older adults in carrying out daily living activities include which of the following?

A) Varying the height of furniture
B) Installing support bars near toilets and bathtubs
C) Altering prescriptions to avoid drug interactions
D) Varying the height of furniture and installing support bars near toilets and bathtubs
E) Installing support bars near toilets and bathtubs and altering prescriptions to avoid drug interactions

Question 33

Adaptations within the community and society that can enhance the independence of older adults include which of the following?

A) Adjusting crosswalk timers to allow greater time to cross streets
B) Providing curb cuts in sidewalks at crosswalks
C) Reducing the visual and auditory signals at crosswalks to avoid confusion
D) Adjusting crosswalk timers to allow greater time to cross streets and providing curb cuts in sidewalks at crosswalks
E) All of these are correct.

Question 34

Strategies for assisting older adults in acquiring new skills include which of the following?

A) Providing passive rather than active learning
B) Providing opportunities for modeling requisite behavior
C) Teaching concepts rather than procedures
D) Providing passive rather than active learning and teaching concepts rather than procedures
E) All of these are correct.

Question 35

Additional strategies for assisting older adults in acquiring new skills include which of the following?

A) Training in small groups
B) Providing extended practice opportunities
C) Providing environmental supports
D) Providing extended practice opportunities and environmental supports
E) All of these are correct.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true regarding the quality of motor performance and aging?

A) All activities decline at similar rates.
B) Performance declines may be activity specific.
C) High levels of performance in specific task domains can be obtained through regularly engaging in deliberate practice with suitably designed training activities.
D) All activities decline at similar rates and high levels of performance in specific task domains can be obtained through regularly engaging in deliberate practice with suitably designed training activities.
E) Performance declines may be activity specific and high levels of performance in specific task domains can be obtained through regularly engaging in deliberate practice with suitably designed training activities.

Question 37

Which of the following is a factor(s) that contributes to older adults losing their driving privileges?

A) Reduced level of physical activity
B) Age limits at the Department of Motor Vehicles
C) Reduced level of visual functioning
D) Reduced level of physical activity and visual functioning
E) None of these is correct.

Question 38

Non-age-related factors that may influence the performance trends of master athletes include:

A) Amount of training
B) Quality of training
C) Competitive experience
D) Amount and quality of training
E) All of these are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding the performance of elite level masters athletes?

A) The records of masters athletes are often better than those in the open division of an event.
B) The performance of masters athletes is often better than younger non-elite athletes.
C) Some older adults have the ability to compete successfully in the open division of an event.
D) The performance of masters athletes is often better than younger non-elite athletes, and some older adults have the ability to compete successfully in the open division of an event.
E) All of these are correct.