Deck 13: Physical Development of Children

Question 1

Which of these describes the problem with administering physical fitness tests in children?

A) Being able to sufficiently motivate the youngster for maximal performance
B) Accurately determining whether a maximum effort has been achieved
C) Overcoming the fears of anxious parents
D) All of these are correct.
E) Accurately determining whether a maximum effort has been achieved and overcoming the fears of anxious parents only

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Currently or in past, which of the following organizations have developed fitness assessment instruments?

A) SHAPE America
B) President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition
C) Cooper Institute
D) SHAPE America and Cooper Institute only
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of these are some problems encountered in long-term studies of the effects of fitness training in children?

A) Because of the wide variety in children's bodies, training effects are unlikely.
B) Difficulty in getting children's cooperation over long periods of time
C) Getting children to participate in uncomfortable, high intensity training
D) All of these are correct.
E) Difficulty in getting children's cooperation over long periods of time and getting children to participate in uncomfortable, high intensity training only

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In terms of motor performance, both males and females improve with age and effort, but males generally outperform females during all age periods, except:

A) Prepubescence
B) Post-pubescence
C) Pubescence
D) Young adulthood
E) None of these is correct.

Question 5

Of the following, which is not a valid reason for arguing whether children are fit or unfit?

A) Children are individuals and should not be compared.
B) Children from different racial and economic backgrounds have more or less opportunities to be active.
C) The term "physical fitness" has not been completely or adequately defined, therefore, it is not possible to know if children are fit or not.
D) Physical fitness is relative to the observer making the assessment.
E) Labeling children unfit may damage their self-confidence.

Question 6

Physical fitness is:

A) The ability to do what you need to do to get through the day
B) A positive state of well-being influenced by regular physical activity, genetic makeup, and nutritional adequacy
C) An aspect of health-related fitness
D) An aspect of performance related fitness
E) Relatively easy to determine with the use of a number of field-based "gold standard" measures

Question 7

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) refers to the largest quantity of oxygen an individual can consume during physical work and is used to measure:

A) The maximum ability of a body to transmit O2, to tissues of the body
B) How efficiently the body uses energy stores
C) The ratio of O2 consumed to CO, produced
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 8

In comparison with that of an adult, a child's maximum aerobic capacity:

A) Has no direct relationship
B) Is lower
C) Is similar when corrected for body weight
D) Is higher
E) Can not be compared

Question 9

Which of these is an aspect of muscular endurance, specific to the heart, lungs, and vascular system?

A) Muscular capacity
B) Aerobic endurance
C) Reaction time
D) Muscular coordination
E) All of these are correct.

Question 10

Of the following, which is not an instrument for assessing energy expenditure?

A) Activity self-reports
B) Heart rate monitors
C) Goniometers
D) VO2 max tests
E) Accelerometer

Question 11

Which of the following has become the preferred means of assessing children's physical activity because it is both valid and relatively economical?

A) Self-report
B) Heart rate monitor
C) Skinfold caliper
D) VO2 max
E) Accelerometer

Question 12

Weight training for prepubescents was previously not recommended by pediatricians because of:

A) Possible injury
B) Oversized machines
C) Improper instruction
D) Lack of supporting evidence
E) All of these are correct.

Question 13

A dynamometer is used to measure:

A) Cardiovascular endurance
B) Reaction time
C) Muscular strength
D) Joint flexibility
E) Body composition

Question 14

What classification of strength refers to the ability of a muscle to go through its full range of motion with resistance?

A) Isotonic strength
B) Isometric strength
C) Isokinetic strength
D) Dynametric strength
E) Hypokinetic strength

Question 15

The term used for the ability of a muscle to exert maximal force is:

A) Power
B) Isometric
C) Isotonic
D) Isokinetic
E) Strength

Question 16

Isometric strength is to isotonic strength as:

A) Immovable is to movable
B) Immovable is to set velocity
C) Set velocity is to movable
D) Movable is to immovable
E) Movable is to set velocity

Question 17

What type of contraction occurs when a muscle contracts but there is no change in its length?

A) Eccentric
B) Concentric
C) Isometric
D) Isotonic
E) Isokinetic

Question 18

If corrected for body weight, children can achieve similar, or values exceeding that of adults in terms of:

A) VO2 max values
B) Endurance levels
C) Muscular strength
D) All of these are correct.
E) VO2 max and endurance levels only

Question 19

The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to perform work repeatedly against moderate resistance is the definition of:

A) Muscular strength
B) Stamina
C) Aerobic endurance
D) Force
E) Muscular endurance

Question 20

Relative endurance refers to the child's:

A) Endurance level adjusted to body height
B) Endurance level adjusted to body weight
C) Force adjusted to body weight
D) Power adjusted to body height
E) Strength adjusted to body weight

Question 21

When adjusted for body weight, differences between and within fitness scores for girls and boys are:

A) In favor of the girls
B) In favor of the boys
C) More pronounced
D) Less pronounced
E) The same

Question 22

In sedentary children, dynamic flexibility in the shoulder, knee, and thigh joints tends to decrease with:

A) Weight
B) Height
C) Activity level
D) Musculature
E) Age

Question 23

Obtaining a flexibility measurement by using the sit-and-reach test more accurately measures:

A) Static flexibility
B) Dynamic flexibility
C) Ballistic flexibility
D) Pure flexibility
E) None of these

Question 24

When someone is making large circles with their arm and shoulders, they are said to be displaying:

A) Static flexibility
B) Dynamic flexibility
C) Ballistic flexibility
D) Pure flexibility
E) Rotational flexibility

Question 25

Of the following, which statement is true?

A) Joint flexibility improves with age.
B) Dynamic flexibility in the shoulder, knee, and thigh joints increases with age.
C) Joint flexibility improves until age 18 in females and age 20 in males and then slowly decreases.
D) Joint flexibility improves until age 20 in females and age 24 in males and then begins to decrease unless the individual actively works on flexibility.
E) Activity level is a better guide to joint flexibility than chronological age, because of the highly specific nature of this fitness component.

Question 26

Body composition is defined as:

A) Amount of fat body mass
B) Amount of lean body mass
C) Percentage of lean body mass minus fat body mass
D) Percentage of fat body mass plus lean body mass
E) Proportion of lean body mass to fat body mass

Question 27

Aerobic training programs for children:

A) Report positive responses to training when frequency, intensity, and duration are carefully monitored
B) Develop necessary movement skills for participation in lifetime fitness
C) Produce positive health benefits
D) All of these are correct.
E) Develop necessary movement skills for participation in lifetime fitness and produce positive health benefits only

Question 28

All of the following activities are acceptable for children, except:

A) Weight lifting
B) Resistance training
C) Strength training
D) Weight training
E) Cardiovascular training

Question 29

One of the most important anabolic hormones found in prepubescent children is:

A) Growth hormone
B) Testosterone
C) Norepinephrine
D) Epinephrine
E) Serotonin

Question 30

The primary sex hormone associated with the tremendous gains in muscular strength in adolescent males is:

A) Growth hormone
B) Testosterone
C) Norepinephrine
D) Epinephrine
E) Serotonin

Question 31

Which of these involves the use of progressive resistance techniques using the body, weights, or machines to improves one's ability to exert or resist a force?

A) Aerobic training
B) Strength training
C) Flexibility training
D) Weight lifting
E) Power lifting

Question 32

Which of these is one reason for a decrease in flexibility in males and females during the prepubescent growth spurt?

A) Muscle is less flexible during periods of rapid growth.
B) Bone growth precedes muscle and tendon growth.
C) Muscle and tendon growth precede bone growth.
D) None of these is correct.
E) Muscle is less flexible during periods of rapid growth, and bone growth precedes muscle and tendon growth.

Question 33

Epiphyseal growth plates are susceptible to injury from all of the following, except:

A) Excessive weight-bearing
B) Shearing forces
C) Chronic stress
D) Overuse
E) Sedentary behavior

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a common test of muscular endurance?

A) Step test
B) Bent knee sit-ups
C) Distance run
D) Sit and reach
E) Body mass index

Question 35

All of the following are specific aspects measured in cardiovascular endurance but one. Which of these is not a measure of cardiovascular endurance?

A) Physical work capacity
B) Isometric joint strength
C) Aerobic endurance
D) Heart rate
E) VO2 max

Question 36

Which of these is not a common test for cardiovascular endurance?

A) Step test
B) Distance run
C) Treadmill stress test
D) Accelerometer
E) Dynamometer

Question 37

Which of these describes force production factor(s) that influences motor performance?

A) Speed
B) Coordination
C) Agility
D) Speed and agility
E) Speed and coordination

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of a common field measure used to assess coordination?

A) Beam walk
B) Ball dribble
C) Stick balance
D) One-foot stand
E) Flamingo stand

Question 39

Which of these is not a performance-related fitness component?

A) Coordination
B) Endurance
C) Balance
D) Speed
E) Agility

Question 40

The ability to integrate separate motor systems with varying sensory modalities into efficient patterns of movement is called:

A) Coordination
B) Flexibility
C) Balance
D) Agility
E) None of these is correct.

Question 41

Which of these requires integration of sensory and motor systems into a congruent and harmonious pattern?

A) Coordinated movement
B) Balance
C) Speed
D) Agility
E) Power

Question 42

Which of these is not a common field test for coordination?

A) Cable jump
B) Skipping
C) Ball dribble
D) Hopping for accuracy
E) Beam walk

Question 43

Static balance may be accurately measured by:

A) The beam walk
B) The shuttle run
C) The one-foot balance
D) The one-foot hop
E) Shuttle run

Question 44

Balance, at all ages, is profoundly influenced by the:

A) Tactile surface
B) Environment
C) Prior experience
D) Vestibular apparatus
E) Macula

Question 45

Which of these is the ability to maintain the equilibrium of one's body when it is placed in various positions?

A) Stability
B) Balance
C) Posture
D) Agility
E) Coordination

Question 46

An ear infection would most likely affect which performance-related fitness component?

A) Coordination
B) Balance
C) Stability
D) Agility
E) Posture

Question 47

The force production factors of speed, agility, and power begin to assume greater importance after children have gained mastery which of these?

A) Fundamental movement abilities
B) Rudimentary movement abilities
C) Reflexive movement abilities
D) Specialized movement abilities
E) Complex movement abilities

Question 48

Movement speed includes:

A) Movement time
B) Information-processing time
C) Reaction time
D) All of these are correct.
E) Movement time and reaction time

Question 49

Which of these is the ability to change the direction of the body rapidly and accurately?

A) Speed
B) Agility
C) Coordination
D) Dodging
E) Power

Question 50

The ability to perform a maximum effort in as short a period as possible is called:

A) Coordination
B) Agility
C) Speed
D) Strength
E) Power

Question 51

All of the following are determinates of an individual's power, except:

A) Speed of contraction
B) Muscles involved
C) Strength of muscle
D) Endurance of muscle
E) Coordination of muscles