Deck 13: Relative Risk, Odds Ratio, and Attributable Risk

Question 1

Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers report an OR for psychological distress among abused versus non abused women (OR 1.37 95% CI 1.03-2.21). Based on this information, you know:

A) Abused women are significantly more likely to have psychological distress.
B) There is no significant difference in psychological distress for abused and non-abused women.
C) This is a clinically significant result.
D) In this study women who were abused were 37 times more likely to report psychological distress.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers report an OR for somatic symptoms among abused versus non abused women (OR 1.03 95% CI 0.79-1.71). Based on this information, you know:

A) Abused women are significantly more likely to have somatic symptoms.
B) There is no significant difference in somatic symptoms for abused and non-abused women.
C) This is a clinically significant result.
D) In this study women who were abused were less likely to report somatic symptoms.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers report an OR for the use of analgesics among abused versus non abused women (OR 1.45 95% CI 0.97-2.15). Based on this information, you know:

A) Abused women are significantly more likely to use analgesics.
B) There is no significant difference in analgesic use for abused and non-abused women.
C) This is a clinically significant result.
D) In this study women who were abused were 4.5 times as likely to report analgesic use.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A study examined the relationship between having a baccalaureate degree and passing a cultural competency exam among a group of 987 randomly selected registered nurses at your hospital. The researchers report that more registered nurses with a baccalaureate degree passed the cultural competency exam (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.98-1.79). Interpret this information.

A) More nurses with a baccalaureate degree passed the exam but this was not a significant difference.
B) Nurses with a baccalaureate degree were significantly more likely to pass the exam.
C) 98% of the nurses passed the exam and the 2% that didn't did not have a baccalaureate degree.
D) This is an example of a type II error.

Question 5

A study examined the relationship between having a baccalaureate degree and passing a cultural competency exam among a group of 87 randomly selected registered nurses at your hospital. They report an OR of 1.73 (95% CI 0.44-2.79) for passing rates among nurses with vs. without a baccalaureate degree. If the results of the study were incorrect it would be an example of:

A) A type I error
B) Sampling bias
C) Sampling error
D) A type II error

Question 6

You are studying gastroesophageal reflux therapy among two hundred premature infants all of whom are less than 30 weeks and being tube fed in a NICU. You measure the average intraesophageal pH upon entry into the study, at two weeks, at four weeks and at six weeks. The best method to analyze this data is:

A) repeat measures ANOVA
B) Pearson's correlation coefficient
C) regression using a model that includes time, volume of feeds and intraespohageal pH
D) Chi-square

Question 7

A nurse at Lakeside hospital conducts a study that reports a when there is ice on the road the risk of traumatic injuries is higher (RR=5.3, 95% CI= 2.3-8.1). You know this means:

A) It is time to buy snow tires.
B) Ice on the road is a significant risk factor for traumatic injuries.
C) Ice on the road is a clinically significant risk factor for traumatic injuries.
D) Ice on the road appears to be a risk factor but it is not significant.

Question 8

A emergency room nurse at Rochester Regional Health conducts a study that reports if an emergency travel advisory is issued during a storm the risk of traumatic injuries is impacted (RR=0.89, 95% CI=0.74-0.98 ). You know this means:

A) An emergency travel advisory is a significant protective factor decreasing traumatic injuries.
B) An emergency travel ban means the storm is worse and traumatic injuries increase 95%.
C) There is no relationship between an emergency travel ban and traumatic injuries.
D) About 89% of traumatic injuries occur when an emergency travel ban is in place.

Question 9

Your study reports that among sexually active female patients those who do not take birth control pills every day are more likely to get pregnant than those who take birth control pills every day (RR=8.4, p<0.05). You know this means:

A) Those who don't take birth control pills each day are more than eight times as likely to get pregnant when compared to those who do take birth control pills each day
B) the results are insignificant so you reject the null
C) a type one error was made
D) if patients don't use birth control they will be eight times as likely to get pregnant

Question 10

A study that examines the relationship between eating citrus fruit and getting cold sores finds a relative risk of 1.89 with a p value of 0.047. The results indicate:

A) individuals who eat citrus fruit are significantly more likely to develop cold sores
B) there is not a significant relationship between eating citrus fruit and developing cold sores
C) eating citrus fruit is a significant protective factor for developing cold sores
D) if individuals have a cold sore and eat citrus fruit they can get better significantly faster

Question 11

Several days after a wedding, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred among attendees. Of the 108 guests at the wedding, 76 were ill and met the case definition.
50 of the 76 who were ill ate the wedding cake.
Three of those who were well ate the wedding cake.
What is the attack rate for those who ate the wedding cake?

A) 65.8%
B) 46.3%
C) 94.3%
D) 70.3%

Question 12

Subjects were asked how much salt they consume each week and whether they currently have peripheral edema in a survey with a cross sectional design. What measure of association would be appropriate for this analysis?

A) Attributable risk
B) Attack rate
C) Relative risk
D) None of these measures is appropriate for this type of data

Question 13

You randomly select 120 healthy individuals and randomize them into a group given a daily multivitamin and a group who does not take a daily multivitamin. You follow the sample for ten years and identify all cases of pernicious anemia which develop. Which statement is true?

A) You should NOT determine a relative risk since this is a cross sectional design
B) You can determine the RR for developing pernicious anemia from this data
C) Your exposure of interest is retrospective
D) You can only determine the odds ratio for pernicious anemia

Question 14

You conduct a study of 1,000 people and determine that 137 have a virus and test positive with your screen. 21 have the virus and test negative with your screen. 506 do not have the virus and test negative with your screen. What is the prevalence rate of the disease?

A) 15.8%
B) 13.7%
C) 2.1%
D) Unable to determine because this is incidence data

Question 15

In January of 2016 a clinic is opened in Sierra Leone and 90 patients with Ebola are admitted. In February, 45 of the previous patients with Ebola have died and 78 more newly diagnosed patients with Ebola are admitted. How many incident cases of Ebola are there at the clinic in February?

A) 123
B) 78
C) 168
D) Unable to determine because this is prevalence data

Question 16

In January of 2016 a clinic is opened in Sierra Leone and 90 patients with Ebola are admitted. In February, 45 of the previous patients with Ebola have died and 78 more newly diagnosed patients with Ebola are admitted. No one is discharged. How many prevalence cases of Ebola are there at the clinic in February?

A) 123
B) 78
C) 168
D) Unable to determine because this is incidence data

Question 17

If utilizing a wearable fitness tracker is a statistically significant protective factor related to weight gain, identify which of the following 95% CL for a relative risk would be appropriate.

A) 0.98-2.35
B) 0.45-12.75
C) 6.12-12.14
D) 0.37-0.87

Question 18

You conduct a case control study and determine that five people with Guinea Worm were exposed to water from river
A) Calculate the appropriate Odds ratio.
A) One person with the disease had no exposure to water from river
A) You also determine that ten people without the disease drank from river A and eighty-nine were healthy and did not drink from river

A) 5
B) 15 C. 44.5
D) 14.3

Question 19

A health department investigation determines that the following during an outbreak:
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Exposure } & \text { OR } & \mathrm{p} \text { value } \\\hline \text { Meatballs } & 4.5 & 0.07 \\\hline \text { Ice cream } & 2.0 & 0.04 \\\hline \text { Salad } & 0.78 & 0.09 \\\hline \text { Soup } & 1.03 & 0.12 \\\hline\end{array}$
What exposure was a significant risk factor?

A) Meatballs and Ice cream
B) Meatballs, ice cream and soup
C) Just the meatballs
D) Just the ice cream

Question 20

A health department investigation determines the following after an outbreak:
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Exposure } & \text { OR } & 95 \% \mathrm{CI} \\\hline \text { Meatballs } & 4.5 & 1.25-6.74 \\\hline \text { Ice cream } & 2.0 & 0.98-4.71 \\\hline \text { Salad } & 0.78 & 0.50-1.78 \\\hline \text { Soup } & 1.03 & 0.23-2.94 \\\hline\end{array}$ What exposure was a significant risk factor?

A) Meatballs and Ice cream
B) Meatballs, ice cream and soup
C) Just the meatballs
D) Just the ice cream