Deck 14: Cultural Diversity in US Parents

Question 1

After the arrival of slaves from Africa in the 17th century, their numbers grew rapidly. By the start of the 18th century, slaves made up nearly ______ of the population of South Carolina.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the late 1800s, mostly European immigrants began arriving in New York in search of a better life. By 1910, ______ of all children in the Unites States lived in immigrant families.

A) 15%
B) 28%
C) 34%
D) 50%

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2018), what percent of the U.S. population is White?

A) 68%
B) 70%
C) 72%
D) 75%

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Early research into ethnic and minority parenting took a deficit model approach in which minority parents were viewed as deficient in parenting compared to which population?

A) White, middle-class parents
B) White parents from any socioeconomic class
C) parents from their country of origin
D) parents in their neighborhood

Question 5

A Chinese American boy in middle school is asked by his peers, "Teach us how to say 'Hello' in Chinese!", despite him not knowing how to speak any language other than English. The assumption that he spoke Chinese is an example of what type of microaggression?

A) second class citizen
B) microinvalidation
C) environmental microaggression
D) exoticizations

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a type of microaggression on the Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (Nadal, 2011)?

A) microinvalidations
B) verbal microaggressions
C) environmental microaggressions
D) second class citizen

Question 7

Parents Karl and Mila are immigrants from Germany. Out of concern their children will be outcast from the other, American children in the neighborhood, they gave them common American names and encouraged them to play with the nonimmigrant children every day. Karl and Mila are displaying behaviors of ______.

A) socialization
B) enculturation
C) acculturation
D) diversification

Question 8

Nnedi is an African American woman whose parents immigrated from Nigeria. Despite living in a predominately White neighborhood, she chooses to wear clothes from her country of origin and continues to speak her native language. These acts of ______ help her feel close to her heritage's culture.

A) socialization
B) enculturation
C) acculturation
D) diversification

Question 9

A microaggression is defined as an intentional or unintentional verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignity. They are ______ and communicate hostile or negative racial insults.

A) brief
B) systematic
C) rare
D) none of these

Question 10

The first and second largest groups of Latinos in the United States are ______ and ______, respectively.

A) Mexican American; Cuban
B) Mexican American; Puerto Rican
C) Puerto Rican; Cuban
D) Brazilian; Guatemalan

Question 11

Approximately what percentage of Latinos in the United States were born in the country?

A) 25%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 65%

Question 12

The Latino culture values the family highly and encourages their youth to maintain connectedness to others. Valuing the importance of family is referred to as ______.

A) valora
B) familism
C) respeto
D) lealtad

Question 13

According to Regalado et al. (2004), which of the following group reports the highest rate of yelling at and spanking their children?

A) Black
B) Latino, English speaking
C) Latino, Spanish speaking
D) immigrants

Question 14

While familism can protect against depression and moderate the effect of parental conflict, the Latino value of machismo has been linked to ______.

A) authoritarian parenting and use of physical punishment by fathers
B) authoritarian parenting and use of physical punishment by mothers
C) gender socialization among male Latino children
D) interdependence among Latino men

Question 15

Which of the following statements best describes the parenting styles of Latino parents?

A) Latino parents are more permissive than European American parents.
B) Latino parents are a diverse group and parenting styles often depend on other factors.
C) Latino parents are harsher as disciplinarians than are European American parents.
D) Latino parents are more likely to grant autonomy to their children than are European American parents.

Question 16

African Americans differ from other U.S. minority groups in that they have the highest percentage of single-parent families. In fact, the rate in African Americans in almost ______ the national average.

A) one and a half times
B) double
C) 3 times
D) none of these

Question 17

As of 2016, what percentage of African American children were being reared in poverty, the highest among minority groups?

A) 14%
B) 25%
C) 34%
D) 47%

Question 18

When researchers control for ______, differences between African American and European American parents' use of physical discipline are reduced.

A) family structure
B) paternal involvement
C) family SES
D) maternal warmth

Question 19

African American parents rear their children in a variety of ways. A theory has developed that living in dangerous neighborhoods promoted the use of which of the following parenting styles as a way to adapt to this environment?

A) "no-nonsense"
B) authoritarian
C) high in demandingness
D) all of these

Question 20

The percentage of Asian American youth who obtain a college degree far exceeds the percentage for all Americans. This valued accomplishment can best be attributed to ______.

A) hard work in academics by Asian American youth that is driven by cultural beliefs
B) a cultural bias that gives preferential treatment to Asian American youth in schools
C) Asian American youths' beliefs about superiority that create a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the genetic superiority of Asian American youth that successfully facilitates success

Question 21

Saki, an Asian American youth, has parents who believe education is the route to success. In order to make sure Sally performs well in school, her parents may do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) structuring time for schoolwork
B) closely monitoring homework
C) organizing educational outings
D) restricting television viewing

Question 22

Despite knowing that her parents only want the best from her, Saki feels immense pressure to achieve and maintain the family's positive image. From this, she suffers anxiety. Given her Asian American identity, which of the following scenarios is most likely?

A) Sally will be reluctant to seek mental health services.
B) Sally will be encouraged by her parents to seek mental health services.
C) Sally's parents refuse to believe she is anxious.
D) Sally will seek mental health services but will not benefit.

Question 23

In a study across four ethnic groups (Chinese Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and European Americans), ______ was valued most highly.

A) kindness
B) self-direction
C) tradition/conformity
D) relatedness

Question 24

In the same study across four ethnic groups (Chinese Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and European Americans), ______ was valued least highly.

A) kindness
B) tradition/conformity
C) achievement
D) relatedness

Question 25

Which of the following is a pressure felt by many Asian American children?

A) artistic achievement pressure
B) upholding the "model minority" myth
C) acculturating
D) maintaining their family's positive image

Question 26

Native Americans have faced considerable trauma throughout their history. Which of the following have they faced?

A) mass genocide
B) culture clashes
C) tumultuous politics
D) climate change

Question 27

As part of the Lakota tribe, children are taught the history of trauma as a way to learn from the past and make responsible decisions in the present. This is referred to as a ______ belief.

A) "enduring trauma"
B) "enduring history"
C) "seven generations"
D) "all generations"

Question 28

American Indians in the Ute reservation in Colorado maintain close kinship networks and value ______.

A) consensus and cooperation
B) self-direction
C) tradition/conformity
D) relatedness

Question 29

Different studies have revealed trends in parent-child relationships among individual tribes. Which of the following tribes was found to have very low levels of interaction and stimulation in their premature infants?

A) Ute reservation in Colorado
B) Lumbee American Indians in North Carolina
C) Great Lakes Indian reservation
D) Northern Plains Indians

Question 30

In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court eliminate all "anti-miscegenation" laws, which prohibited multiracial marriage?

A) 1960
B) 1967
C) 1970
D) 1975

Question 31

As of 2013, interracial marriages comprised ______ of marriages in the United States.

A) 5%
B) 8%
C) 12%
D) 23%

Question 32

Interracial marriages are most prominent among ______, and least prominent among ______.

A) Whites; African Americans
B) Whites; Native Americans
C) Native Americans; Whites
D) Native Americans; African Americans

Question 33

In 2013, it was reported that Black ______ married out ______. Whereas the reverse was true for Asian Americans.

A) males; more than Black females
B) males; less than Black females
C) youth; more than older Blacks
D) females; more than White females

Question 34

Sebastian was one of the many Americans polled in 2014 to assess society's acceptance of interracial marriages. He responded indifferently, saying it "didn't make much of a difference." Sebastian would fall into which of the following categories of people polled?

A) the minority
B) the majority
C) the bottom 33%
D) Sebastian's opinion cannot be trusted.

Question 35

Which of the following ethnic groups report they engage in the highest rate of drug use?

A) Blacks
B) Whites
C) Asians
D) multiracial people

Question 36

José was born in the United States. His father was born in Mexico and his mother was born in the United States. José's grandparents were all born in Mexico. José is a ______.

A) first-generation immigrant
B) second-generation immigrant
C) third-generation immigrant
D) first-generation migrant

Question 37

Although many studies focus on differences, there are striking similarities among groups of immigrants. For example, in a study comparing New York City immigrants from 27 countries, the ______ was a common theme.

A) desire to be rich
B) release of cultural values of their homeland
C) importance of religion or spirituality
D) importance of education

Question 38

Amelia is in elementary school, and despite her parents being from Russia, she is fluent in English. She often times only speaks to her parents in English, and finds herself helping them communicate with waiters at restaurants or clerks in a store. As such, Amelia is acting as a ______.

A) assimilator
B) language broker
C) cultural symbol
D) language barrier

Question 39

Given Amelia's experience with parentification, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Amelia will be at higher risk for depressive symptoms.
B) Amelia will gain a sense of power and authority over her parents.
C) Amelia will lose all ties to her heritage.
D) Amelia not experience any significant consequence.

Question 40

Gloria, the child to two refugees fleeing a conflict-ridden country, is as acting out in class and generally in a poor mood the majority of the time. Which of the following may be attributable to Gloria's problematic behavior?

A) parental post-traumatic stress disorder
B) financial stress
C) social isolation
D) all of these

Question 41

Refugees differ from other immigrants in all but which way?

A) financial problems
B) more likely to have PTSD
C) their children are more likely to become acculturated
D) more likely to experience social isolation

Question 42

An analysis of 63 societies revealed that parents who reported being more religious were more likely to value obedience, tradition, respect for authority, and religious faith over ______.

A) individuality
B) connectedness
C) intelligence
D) independence

Question 43

A variety of studies have found religion to be associated with child-rearing attitudes and parental responses to children's misbehavior. In particular, ______ believe that it is important to use physical punishment on misbehaving children.

A) mainline Protestants
B) Roman Catholics
C) conservative Protestants
D) parents with no religious affiliation

Question 44

According to a 2017 Gallup poll of almost 127,000 adults, about ______ of Americans claimed no religious identity.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 45

A religious parent often attributes her child's behavior on the "inherited spirit" in her child. When something goes right, they think the child is the reincarnation of an ancestor who experienced much luck in their life. Which parent is most likely of what cultural background?

A) South Asian
B) Latin American
C) Caribbean
D) Middle Eastern

Question 46

The belief in the "evil eye" is a religiously inspired conviction that when someone enviously admires an infant with a direct and extended look or gives lavish praise and compliments, that infant becomes cursed. This belief demonstrates the role of ______ in development.

A) spiritual journey
B) original sin
C) the environment
D) parents

Question 47

An Islamic mother has recently taken up a new job at the local bank that takes a significant amount of attention away from her child and husband. According to an interpretation of Muslim sacred text, this behavior would be labeled as what among highly religious Muslims?

A) acceptable--she is adopting a modern role as a women
B) impermissible--her first duty is to be a mother and wife
C) insignificant--a Muslim woman has the right to make her own values
D) preposterous--she would be sentenced to death

Question 48

What does the research find about the relation between religion and parenting?

A) Religious parents are more likely to be authoritarian.
B) Religious parents are more likely to be involved with their children.
C) Religious parents have more positive relations with their children.
D) Religious parents use more consistent discipline.

Question 49

What is NOT a mechanism or process that was listed in Table 14.3 that relates religion to parenting and children's development?

A) Religion provides a social community to the family.
B) Religious parents are more satisfied in their marriages.
C) Pregnancy is considered spiritually significant in religion.
D) Religious parents send their children to religious schools.

Question 50

Studies have documented that religion can have a negative influence if the parent ______.

A) doesn't control the child
B) forces a child to attend religious services
C) prays and uses medicine to cure a sick child
D) alienates a child due to one's religious beliefs

Question 51

Enculturation is more important to African Americans, while acculturation is valued more by Asian Americans.

Question 52

Eduardo and Maria both come from Latino families. While at recess, Eduardo discloses that his parents frequently spank him, while Maria says that her parents have never spanked her. Eduardo's family is most likely U.S.-born, while Maria's family is most likely foreign-born.

Question 53

African American and White parents are similar in the fact that they both engage in race socialization.

Question 54

As an Asian American, Lucy feels confident that her culture will help her to achieve academic excellence and has a high likelihood of attaining a bachelor's degree. However, she does fear that she might have a higher likelihood of living in poverty than her White friends, which is statistically proven.

Question 55

Despite the many tribes throughout the United States, Native American child-rearing values and practices can be generalized as close and child-centered.

Question 56

"Marrying in" and "interracial marriages" are interchangeable terms for marrying someone of a different race.

Question 57

A Chinese immigrant family is having major family problems. The parents are not very warm and the children feel unsupported. This is likely due to a high "parent-child acculturation gap."

Question 58

Jose was born in Mexico but moved to the United States as an infant with his parents and older sister. He can be labeled a second-generation immigrant.

Question 59

Hindu mothers are just as likely to breastfeed as Muslim and Christian mothers in order for their child to reap the most health benefits.

Question 60

Conservative Protestant parents are less likely to spank their children than Roman Catholic parents.

Question 61

List and give examples of three of the six types of microaggressions.

Question 62

Describe race socialization. What is it and why do parents engage in it?

Question 63

Compare and contrast the child-rearing attitudes and behaviors of African American, Asian American, European American, and Latinx parents.

Question 64

What are some of the major problems that immigrants can face when moving to the United States?

Question 65

How have religious beliefs been shown to affect child-rearing? Give three examples of areas where religious beliefs can have an affect.