Deck 8: Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 1

The sequencing and analysis of an organism's genetic information is called

A) protein synthesis.
B) gene therapy.
C) genomics.
D) northern blotting.
E) PCR.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which method of inserting DNA into cells is illustrated in Figure 8.1?

A) protoplast fusion
B) injection
C) electroporation
D) a gene gun
E) transduction

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If a researcher used Escherichia coli DNA polymerase instead of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase in the PCR procedure, what would be the result?

A) DNA replication would occur more slowly than normal.
B) DNA replication would not occur at all.
C) Many mistakes would occur.
D) DNA replication would occur twice as fast as normal.
E) DNA replication would stop after one cycle.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following is essential in PCR?

A) DNA polymerase
B) antisense RNAs
C) reverse transcriptase
D) DNA primers
E) both DNA primers and DNA polymerase

Question 5

The natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria is to

A) make conjugation more efficient.
B) allow transposons to move to another place in the chromosome.
C) protect the cell from invading phages.
D) allow cells to accept foreign DNA.
E) provide the cell with new phenotypes, such as antibiotic resistance.

Question 6

Mutagens are useful in biotechnology research for

A) producing organisms with altered phenotypes.
B) producing new organisms which have beneficial traits from two or more organisms.
C) selecting genetic mutants resistant to radioactivity.
D) removing undesirable traits from microbes.
E) producing DNA fragments for cloning.

Question 7

The use of microorganisms to produce useful products is known as

A) biotechnology.
B) gene modification.
C) genomics.
D) recombinant DNA technology.
E) cloning.

Question 8

Which of the following items is NOT a part of the name of a restriction enzyme?

A) the Gram reaction of the source bacterium
B) the specific epithet of the source bacterium
C) Roman numerals to indicate its order of discovery
D) the strain of the source bacterium
E) the genus of the source bacterium

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding vectors is FALSE?

A) Vectors are usually autonomously replicating DNA molecules.
B) A useful vector contains multiple restriction sites for insertion of DNA.
C) Vectors are generally over 100,000 base pairs in size.
D) Cloning vectors frequently contain sequences necessary for expression of inserted sequences.
E) Cloning vectors include a "marker" to facilitate identification of cells containing them.

Question 10

A procedure using both reverse transcriptase and real time PCR can be used to

A) determine the number of copies of a DNA sequence in a sample.
B) determine the number of copies of an RNA sequence in a sample.
C) produce DNA fragments for cDNA cloning.
D) both determine the number of copies of an RNA sequence in a sample and produce fragments for cDNA cloning.
E) produce RNA fragments for cloning.

Question 11

In the 20th century, scientists harnessed the natural metabolic reactions of bacteria to make ________ for the first time in an industrial setting.

A) soy sauce
B) acetone
C) wine
D) cheese
E) alcohol

Question 12

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful as

A) DNA probes.
B) primers for PCR.
C) antisense RNAs.
D) DNA probes and antisense RNAs.
E) DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs.

Question 13

A northern blot differs from a Southern blot in the

A) type of probe used.
B) presence or absence of a nitrocellulose membrane.
C) size of the genetic sequences involved.
D) number of genetic sequences detected.
E) type of nucleic acid being isolated.

Question 14

Small single strand DNA molecules with a fluorescent molecule attached that are used to identify a clone containing a specific gene fragment is called a

A) primer.
B) probe.
C) plasmid.
D) promoter.
E) peptide.

Question 15

Which of the following is a product of recombinant DNA technology?

A) rice that produces vitamin C
B) bacteria that produce insulin
C) yeast that produces alcohol
D) bacteria that produce acetone
E) microbes that digest cellulose

Question 16

The enzyme reverse transcriptase

A) synthesizes DNA to repair gaps in a DNA strand.
B) synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.
C) synthesizes RNA from an RNA template.
D) synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.
E) can synthesize DNA or RNA from an RNA template.

Question 17

Single-strand DNA molecules are fixed to a glass slide or nylon membrane for the production of

A) microarrays.
B) DNA clones.
C) real time PCR probes.
D) FISH assays.
E) templates for Sanger sequencing.

Question 18

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt-ended fragments? (The arrow represents the cutting site of the enzyme.)

A) C↓CGG
B) G↓GATCC
C) G↓AATTC
D) CCC↓GGG
E) A↓AGCTT

Question 19

In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move toward the ________ electrode because they have an overall ________ charge.

A) negative; negative
B) positive; positive
C) negative; positive
D) positive; negative
E) negative and positive; neutral

Question 20

What is the function of the high temperature step in PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?

A) activation of the DNA polymerase
B) allowing primers to bind complementary sequences
C) facilitate DNA synthesis
D) deactivate DNA polymerase to pause synthesis
E) break hydrogen bonds for strand separation

Question 21

Which of the following is common to both Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing?

A) radioactive labels
B) gel electrophoresis
C) tethered DNA fragments
D) chain terminating nucleotides
E) lasers

Question 22

Probes used for detecting genetic sequences are frequently composed of

A) agarose.
B) synthetic nucleic acids and labeled conjugates, such as fluorescent dyes.
C) restriction enzymes.
D) silicon chips.
E) nitrocellulose.

Question 23

The removal of a gene from an organism's genome to study its function is a technique known as

A) gene therapy.
B) gene knockout.
C) probe analysis.
D) expression vector cloning.
E) FISH.

Question 24

A researcher inserted DNA fragments from an organism into expression vector plasmids and introduced the modified plasmids into bacterial cells. Which of the following methods would be an effective means of identifying which clones contain a specific gene of interest?

A) Sequence the DNA of the plasmids from each isolate.
B) Prepare and analyze restriction fragments of the plasmids.
C) Isolate clones that still have the vector's genetic marker.
D) Assay for activity of the gene product.
E) Use reverse transcriptase to prepare cDNA copies.

Question 25

________ are used for cutting DNA molecules into fragments.

A) Antisense RNAs
B) Mutagens
C) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
D) Restriction enzymes
E) RNA polymerases

Question 26

Which of the following microbes produces a protein that kills a variety of insect pests?

A) Pseudomonas
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Bacillus thuringiensis
D) Thermus aquaticus
E) Plasmodium falciparum

Question 27

Synthesis of cDNA requires the use of

A) DNA ligase.
B) agarose.
C) reverse transcriptase.
D) restriction enzymes.
E) fluorescent synthetic nucleotides.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a goal of recombinant DNA technology?

A) combining genetic material from more than one organism to produce new useful organisms
B) making it possible to clone humans
C) eliminating undesirable traits from livestock or crops
D) being able to remove or correct damaging traits in humans
E) creating organisms capable of producing useful products

Question 29

Transgenic organisms

A) contain cells from other organisms.
B) contain genetically engineered microbes.
C) are the same as clones.
D) contain genes from other organisms.
E) have genomes that have been sequenced completely.

Question 30

Subunit vaccines are safer than traditional vaccines because they

A) are acellular.
B) are administered in food.
C) do not pose a risk for causing the disease.
D) are acellular and do not pose a risk for causing the disease.
E) are acellular and can be administered in food.

Question 31

Two men may be the father of a child. Figure 8.2 shows the results of a DNA fingerprint analysis to determine paternity. M is the mother, C is the child, A and B are the two men. What is the best interpretation of these results?

A) The man identified as A is probably the father.
B) The man identified as B is probably the father.
C) Neither man is this child's father.
D) Either man could be this child's father.
E) Paternity cannot be determined from this data.

Question 32

Which of the following procedures would be used to introduce DNA into a single mouse cell?

A) Southern blotting
B) electroporation
C) gene gun
D) microinjection
E) protoplast fusion

Question 33

Double strand DNA fragments are separated by size using

A) restriction analysis.
B) FISH.
C) PCR.
D) northern blotting.
E) gel electrophoresis.

Question 34

The procedure used to determine whether a person has a heritable disease is known as

A) DNA sequencing.
B) microarray analysis.
C) genetic screening.
D) northern analysis.
E) xenotransplantation.

Question 35

The templates for next-generation sequencing are

A) double-strand restriction fragments.
B) double-strand DNA on silicon chips.
C) double-strand PCR products.
D) single-strand DNA on silicon chips.
E) single-strand DNA on slides.

Question 36

Which of the following is generally NOT considered an ethical issue regarding recombinant DNA technology?

A) the modification of crop plants
B) screening of humans for genes that predispose them to disease
C) unforeseen impact on the environment
D) the modification of animals to produce pharmaceuticals for humans
E) answering basic research questions

Question 37

If all the following DNA fragments were analyzed on an electrophoresis gel, which one would migrate farthest from the negative electrode?

A) 5000 base pairs
B) 750 base pairs
C) 1000 base pairs
D) 250 base pairs
E) 2500 base pairs

Question 38

Replacing a patient's defective gene with a fragment containing a functional gene is

A) gene therapy.
B) genomics.
C) gene cloning.
D) gene mapping.
E) gene selection.

Question 39

Which of the following microbes has been genetically engineered to contain a protein that helps protect crops from freezing?

A) Deinococcus radiodurans
B) Bacillus thuringiensis
C) Pseudomonas
D) Salmonella
E) Escherichia coli

Question 40

Which of the following devices is used for PCR?

A) an electrophoresis chamber
B) a gene gun
C) a DNA sequencer
D) a thermocycler
E) a nucleic acid synthesis machine

Question 41

Restriction enzymes are useful only on synthetic DNAs.

Question 42

Southern blotting is a technique that can be used to identify microbes that cannot be cultured.

Question 43

Sticky-end fragments generated by EcoRI will hydrogen bond to any other sticky-end sequence.

Question 44

Some of the strongest opposition to the application of recombinant DNA technology concerns

A) DNA fingerprinting.
B) modification of food crops.
C) correcting gene defects in animals.
D) sequencing of the human genome.
E) pest control measures.

Question 45

Injecting DNA into cells can be accomplished using

A) nitrocellulose membranes.
B) silicon chips and nucleic acids.
C) compressed air and gold beads.
D) micropipettes.
E) micropipettes, or compressed air and gold beads.

Question 46

Scientists were able to increase the production of naturally occurring vitamin A in rice plants.

Question 47

Under ideal conditions, the number of DNA molecules produced during PCR increases exponentially.

Question 48

A technique using fluorescent-tagged probes to detect specific DNA sequences in their natural locations is known as (FISH/PCR/BLOTTING).

Question 49

Nucleic acid molecules used to deliver new genes to cells are called (plasmids/vectors/clones).

Question 50

Gene therapy for human genetic diseases has not been successful yet.

Question 51

In Southern blotting, DNA molecules are immobilized on

A) silicon chips.
B) nitrocellulose membranes.
C) agarose.
D) gold beads.
E) paper.

Question 52

DNA encoding a normal gene is inserted into cells from a patient with a defective form of the gene. Recombinant cells are identified and isolated, and returned to the patient's body. This is an example of

A) gene therapy.
B) genomics.
C) genetic mapping.
D) genotyping.
E) biotechnology.

Question 53

The use of microbes to make practical products such as vaccines or hormones is called (genomics/recombination/biotechnology).

Question 54

Short nucleic acid molecules used to locate complementary sequences in a larger population of molecules are called (probes/primers/vectors).

Question 55

The human microbiome is very uniform across the entire species Homo sapiens in all geographic locations.

Question 56

The goals of recombinant DNA technology include production of new organisms with useful combinations of traits.

Question 57

The microbes residing on human skin are part of the human microbiome.

Question 58

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes a DNA molecule from an RNA template.

Question 59

Restriction (enzymes/proteases/polymerases), first isolated from bacterial cells, cut DNA molecules at specific sites.

Question 60

Michelle wants to know which cells in a particular organ produce a specific gene product. She has a cDNA clone of the gene available. What method would be the most useful to answer this question?

A) Sanger sequencing of the clone
B) real time PCR
C) FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)
D) restriction fragment analysis
E) microinjection of the gene fragment

Question 61

Discuss one of the pros and cons regarding the application of recombinant DNA technology.

Question 62

The process of locating genes within the nucleic acid of an organism is called (genetic/library/clone) mapping.

Question 63

The technique called (northern/Southern/western) blotting is useful for using probes to identify specific DNA fragments that have been separated by electrophoresis.

Question 64

Vectors usually contain genetic (markers/sequences/probes) such as antibiotic genes or fluorescent tags.

Question 65

Genetic (screening/sequencing/cloning) can be used to detect mutant genes associated with genetic diseases in individuals before any clinical symptoms are noted.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the two major categories of restriction enzymes.

Question 67

Beta-carotene, the biochemical precursor to vitamin A, can be added to rice by using (biotechnology/cloning/recombinant) DNA technology, thereby increasing its nutritional value.

Question 68

A DNA (library/microarray/screen) may be used to study the complex, changing patterns of mRNA production in an organism.

Question 69

Discuss some of the impacts that tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology have had on medicine.

Question 70

Outline a procedure for producing a useful new recombinant product.

Question 71

Crop plants modified to be resistant to insect damage produce Bt toxin from a (bacterial/fungal/synthetic) gene.

Question 72

Explain what a transgenic organism is, and give two examples.

Question 73

A set of clones representing the entire genome of an organism is known as a gene (recombinant/map/library).

Question 74

Small RNAs that bind to an mRNA and alter its expression are known as (antisense/probes/restriction) RNAs.

Question 75

The insertion of foreign DNA directly into a cell's nucleus using a glass micropipet is called (electrophoresis/electroporation/microinjection).