Deck 2: Colonists on the Margins, 1565-1640

Question 1

In evaluating the histories of the early 17^th century the European colonies, which behavior was shared by all the colonies that ultimately prospered?

A)The colonists received substantial investments from their respective monarchs.
B)They used their advanced technological skills to convert the land into crop producing areas that supplied food for the colonists.
C)They adapted to Indian customs and formed strategic alliances.
D)Missionaries were able to convert the Indians to Christianity.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What did the English notice about Algonquian fathers?

A)They acted more like indulgent uncles than fathers.
B)They overindulged their children.
C)They gave special attention to the sons.
D)They ignored their children until they were adults, leaving the mothers in complete control of development.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As a result of the conquering of New Mexico,

A)the Spanish government attained legal rights to the gold and silver mines.
B)the Spanish had a home base for further exploration in the west.
C)the Spanish conquerors amassed personal fortunes through lucrative gifts of tribute from the Indians.
D)the Pueblos continued to resist and challenge Spanish authority.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these was a legacy of Juan de Oñate?

A)the beginning of peaceful negations with the Indians
B)the title of "hero" among the Spanish people in Spain and New Mexico
C)a career that ended in disgrace
D)disappointment at not finding a route to the Pacific

Question 5

Challenges to Spain's monopoly in the New World came from the

A)English, who were enjoying relative political stability but needed more land.
B)Dutch, who wanted to escape religious civil wars in the Netherlands.
C)French, who were actively seeking sources for new investment opportunities.
D)Portuguese, who were seeking to reinstate their power in overseas trade.

Question 6

_______________ chose Roanoke as a possible first English settlement because its relative distance from settled Spanish territories allowed safe travel conditions for privateers.

A)James Cook
B)John Smith
C)Henry Hudson
D)Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 7

Which of these factors influenced England's first serious attempt to colonize?

A)concern that France was creating permanent colonies along the Atlantic coast
B)desire to impart their cultural advantages to the Indians
C)desire to oppose the advancement of Catholicism
D)stories brought back about the relative ease of Spanish conquests

Question 8

English interest in colonization during the late 16^th century

A)remained strong in spite of the problems at Roanoke.
B)diminished due to the focus on Ireland, which attracted more English migrants
C)remained strong because of the desire of King James I to crush the Spanish empire.
D)diminished due to lack of profits from privateering.

Question 9

By the late 1500s, there was

A)an increase in trade between Spain and its colonies.
B)a decrease in trade due to piracy and unsafe sea corridors.
C)a greater number of sailings between Canada and Europe, than between Spain and its colonies
D)almost no trade established in the northeast portion of America.

Question 10

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the trading practices between the French and Indians during the late16^th century?

A)The fur trade became so lucrative for the Micmac that they did not have enough time to produce the food necessary to feed themselves.
B)It was only beneficial to the Europeans who had a desire for beaver pelts.
C)It was difficult for the Indians to acquire the pelts due to the lack of a major river for hunting and transportation.
D)Indians rejected the European imports because they did not understand their value or use.

Question 11

Upon arriving in the Massachusetts Bay area in the early 17^th century, English colonists

A)were unable to turn a quick profit for their investors.
B)immediately recognized that the area would quickly prove to be a lucrative investment opportunity.
C)were able to survive the elements during the first year due to the surplus of supplies brought from England.
D)were met by the Algonquians who were secluded from other tribes and therefore anxious to cooperate with the English colonists.

Question 12

The success of the tobacco industry in the Chesapeake area

A)resulted in a labor system that included only men who could work the fields.
B)was encouraged by England's King James I, who recognized its financial potential.
C)eventually created a situation of too much labor, resulting in the decline of immigration.
D)diverted some of the African slave trade from the Caribbean to the shores of Virginia.

Question 13

Which of these incentives was offered to encourage English settlement in the Virginia area in the early 17^th century?

A)a promise that the conflicts with the Indians had ended
B)dividends paid by the Virginia Company to their investors
C)free land provided by the Virginia Company
D)guarantee of religious freedom

Question 14

The success of New France can in part be attributed to

A)the mildness of the Canadian winter in 1608 during the first year of settlement.
B)the arrival of Catholic missionaries.
C)Champlain's efforts to stay out of Indian conflicts.
D)the large degree of financial support from the French monarchy.

Question 15

When the Dutch established a colony on the Hudson River, they were initially

A)looking for a shortcut to Asia.
B)looking for a religious settlement for Catholic dissidents.
C)hoping to convert the Indians from the Hudson Valley area.
D)not supported by any trading companies and relied on their government for financial support.

Question 16

What was one outcome of the establishment of Dutch trading routes along the Hudson River in the early 17^th century?

A)the collapse of Quebec City due to increased tribal rivalries
B)the willingness of the Dutch to settle in the New Netherland area
C)the immediate recognition that Manhattan would be a thriving port city
D)the use of wampum as a legitimate form of currency

Question 17

Why were the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth colony referred to as "Puritans"?

A)They believed the Church of England needed to be purified of all Catholic doctrines.
B)They believed the Church of England was the only pure religion.
C)They agreed that the purity of the Anglican clergy allowed them to establish biblical doctrine.
D)They promoted the purity of the land as the only honorable means of employment.

Question 18

Which of these was an element in the strategy employed by Massasoit, a Wampanoag chief, to save his people from destruction?

A)agreeing to be subject to English rules and regulations
B)moving his tribe inland to escape an epidemic
C)attempting to establish friendly relations with the colonists of Plymouth in order to pursue better access to imported goods
D)escaping to England to convince the English monarchy that Indians were civilized and not to be feared

Question 19

What happened as the European colonies began to expand during the early 17^th century?

A)missionary efforts at conversion decreased in New France and New Mexico
B)Spanish missions offered refuge for Pueblos who otherwise would have had a difficult life
C)religion ceased to be a factor in luring immigrants to North America
D)the Huron Indians became culturally French under Jesuit influence

Question 20

Successful relations between the Jesuits and Huron occurred because of

A)large-scale conversions of the Huron to Catholicism.
B)the Jesuits' ability to spare the Huron people from many diseases.
C)the Huron protectiveness toward the Jesuits, who they saw as physically weak.
D)the ability of the Jesuits to compromise regarding Huron spiritual beliefs.

Question 21

What was promoted by the philosophy of the Franciscans in New Mexico?

A)the right of the Indians to retain their cultural customs
B)the inversion of Pueblo gender roles
C)the policy that spiritual conquest should be contained within the New Mexico territory
D)non-interference in the day to day lives of the Indians

Question 22

How did religious conflict in Europe affect the colonization of North America?

A)reduced the number of immigrants to North America
B)Europeans wanted to stay in their countries to defend their religious principles
C)encouraged the establishment of areas of religious toleration outside their countries
D)less money available was available from investors to finance excursions

Question 23

Africans who were shipped to New Amsterdam in the mid 17^th century

A)had no chance to obtain their freedom.
B)were relatively few in number compared to other areas of settlement.
C)faced little or no discrimination from the liberal Dutch.
D)established the first urban African American community north of Florida.

Question 24

Most emigrants from Great Britain made their homes in ________________ in the period between 1560 and 1640.

A)the Massachusetts Bay area
B)the British islands in the Caribbean
C)Ireland
D)the idewater areas near the Carolinas

Question 25

As the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop

A)encouraged the colonists to search within themselves for the best way to worship God.
B)threatened the colonists with divine retribution if they violated their covenant with God.
C)and his congregation believed that the Anglican Church could not be reformed any further.
D)challenged the colonists to create a society that completely mirrored English society.

Question 26

Most of the English who settled in North America in the 1600s

A)were not able to settle in areas where they could practice their religious beliefs.
B)found it difficult to buy land.
C)replenished their population primarily through the continued stream of new immigrants.
D)became prosperous enough to support large family units.

Question 27

Which of these was a common Puritan attitude toward the Indians?

A)Indians could never become "godly," so the Puritans had no interest in conversions.
B)Indians would probably adopt English customs.
C)Indians deserved the land they lived on, due to their hard work.
D)Indian women had much in common with the work ethic of their English counterparts.

Question 28

What belief or position was shared by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson?

A)the necessity of good works over faith as a means of salvation
B)women should have the right to preach
C)similar views on the requirements for church membership
D)promotion of radical changes within the Puritan community

Question 29

Most of the early conflicts between the colonists and Indians occurred because

A)of the increased demand for land by the colonists.
B)the colonists were unable to completely convert the Indians to Christianity.
C)the Indians refused to accept the European views of civilization.
D)trade between the colonists and Indians diminished as a result of less demand for colonial resources.

Question 30

Which of these was a result of the Pequot War in 1636?

A)Colonists were appalled at the amount of bloodshed and increased their determination to use negotiation with the Indians as a way to resolve differences.
B)Indian tribes united in their effort to combat colonial expansion.
C)Events were set in motion that led to Massachusetts Bay to become the first colony to legalize slavery.
D)The popularity of Charles I increased among the colonists.

Question 31

What was one of the ways in which the Spanish and French policies of colonization differed?

A)The French emphasized commerce rather than coercion, and were more receptive to adopting some Indian customs.
B)The Spanish initially attempted to include Indians as allies.
C)The French emphasized intimidation as a way to force the Indians into compliance.
D)The Spanish King, Philip II, decreased the role of missionaries in order to diminish their authority and increase the influence of the Spanish officials over the Indians.

Question 32

The conquest of New Mexico by ______________ was motivated in part because California would provide access to East Asian trade.

A)Ponce de Leon
B)Americus Vespucci
C)Hernando de Soto
D)Juan de Oñate

Question 33

What allowed the English to concentrate on colonization by the last half of the 16^th century?

A)Religious turmoil in England under Elizabeth I created a need for protestants to find a safe place to practice their religion.
B)Religious compromise created more time and energy for other challenges.
C)England's decrease in population due to poor farming conditions created a need for more fertile land.
D)Employment was high, thereby providing men of modest means with the necessary capital to finance expeditions.

Question 34

Europeans were encouraged to invest in overseas trading opportunities due to

A)increased safety on the high seas, because of the end of pirating by the Spanish.
B)the promise of complete financial reimbursement if the voyages were not successful.
C)the creation of joint-stock companies, which limited financial risks.
D)The lure of guaranteed dividends.

Question 35

The conflict between England and Spain during the 1580s

A)reduced the number of English privateers attacking Spanish vessels.
B)had no effect on shipping in the Caribbean area.
C)eventually led to temporary peaceful negotiations between the two countries.
D)reduced the amount of goods imported to England.

Question 36

Why do historians consider the events at Roanoke significant?

A)They showed that the English were serious contenders in the colonization process.
B)They established a pattern for future English colonization of the Americas.
C)They proved that Indian resistance could be overcome without bloodshed.
D)The few colonists who survived were able to write about the situation and prevent it from happening to other colonists.

Question 37

The establishment of trade between the French and Indians altered the Indian culture because

A)it eventually changed Indian beliefs and practices regarding gift giving.
B)Indians grew less likely to move from their established home base.
C)it encouraged peaceful relations among the tribes.
D)it increased environmental awareness among the Indians.

Question 38

The success of Champlain in establishing Quebec City was due mainly to

A)the refusal of the Catholic Church to become involved in political affairs.
B)financial support from the French monarch who was determined to conquer the Canadian territories. .
C)establishing cordial relations with the Iroquois League.
D)uniting with the Huron Indians to attack the Mohawks.

Question 39

The marriage of John Rolfe to Pocahontas

A)proved that the Indians and English would never be able to co-exist.
B)increased the conflict between the Virginian colonists and Indians.
C)led to a temporary peaceful co-existence.
D)increased the confidence of English investors in the Virginia Company.

Question 40

Which of these factors should be included in an analysis of tensions between Indians and the English in the Massachusetts Bay area?

A)English refusal to adapt to Indian customs
B)Indian refusal to accept European colonization
C)The refusal of the English colonists to accept the help of the Indians with regard to farming and food supplies
D)English reluctance to establish farm areas in order to become self-sufficient

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true about the Virginia Company?

A)It eventually turned a profit due to the establishment of the tobacco trade.
B)It had to change strategies in order to survive.
C)It that proved joint-stock companies were a good investment strategy.
D)As part of its business strategy, it encouraged continued dependence on Indian involvement.

Question 42

By the middle of the 17^th century, slavery

A)was declining in the Caribbean area.
B)was so necessary in the Chesapeake area that a direct route was established from Virginia to Africa.
C)declined in the Virginia area due to the influx of indentured servants.
D)sometimes ended in freedom for those sent to English North America.

Question 43

What ultimately saved the Virginia colony from total destruction?

A)peaceful negotiations with the Indians
B)the continued support of the Virginia Company
C)the global popularity of tobacco
D)the promise of land ownership to those who settled there

Question 44

The experiment in Jamestown was important to colonization efforts because

A)it proved that African slaves were not necessary for agricultural success.
B)it provided a blueprint for future colonial governments.
C)it convinced the Indians that the colonists were no threat to their culture.
D)it provided a way for the colonists to exert their independence from England.

Question 45

Which aspect of the colonial experience was shared by the English and French?

A)their success was built on the export of one major crop
B)both established lasting alliances with the Indians
C)both depended on missionaries to assist them in creating working relationships with the Indians
D)none of their colonies faced competition from other European nations

Question 46

The Mayflower Compact grew out of

A)a promise among the Pilgrims to support religious tolerance of anyone who settled in the area.
B)a comprehensive list of the rules of behavior the colonists should use when dealing with the Indian.s
C)a promise made by every adult on board the Mayflower to obey all the laws of the English government.
D)an agreement between free adult males to obey the laws of chosen officials.

Question 47

Which of the following best describes the views of John Winthrop and his followers?

A)They wanted to break free of all English rule, both politically and religiously.
B)They believed they could best reform the Anglican religion by moving to New England.
C)They did not think the Anglican Church could be reformed.
D)They were willing to consider keeping some religious practices of Catholicism.

Question 48

One measure of the significance of the Plymouth colony is that

A)although it never prospered, it provided an English base for future colonization.
B)the crops of corn and tobacco created a profitable trade arrangement with Europeans.
C)beaver pelts and wampum, both of which were in plentiful supply, became the major exports and provided a steady source of revenue.
D)its lack of success was a setback for the English, who curtailed colonization for many years.

Question 49

Why were the Jesuits were able to achieve some success with the Huron?

A)Huron accepted the Jesuit concept of sin.
B)Jesuits had little desire for land or material goods.
C)The concept of monogamy was appealing to Huron women.
D)Huron were happy to renounce their faith in dreams.

Question 50

The ravages of diseases often caused Indians to

A)look suspiciously at the Jesuits, who seemed to possess some immunity.
B)rebel against the Jesuits, who they blamed as the source of the diseases.
C)give up the notion of Christianity and turn to their native medicines, which seemed to help them recover.
D)embrace the sacrament of baptism and the power of prayer.

Question 51

The mid 17^th century saw an increase in immigration

A)only in the established colonies in the Caribbean.
B)as a result of missionaries' success in converting the Indians.
C)due to the increase in religious and political conflict, especially in England.
D)especially among the Dutch, who were anxious to leave the financial decline of Holland behind them.

Question 52

Which of the following statements best describes the original purpose for the establishment of the Dutch West India Company?

A)It was created to provide exclusive trading rights between the Netherlands and West Africa.
B)Dutch officials charted it to establish colonies.
C)Investors saw it as a way to capitalize on the fur trade in New Amsterdam.
D)Merchants created the company to monopolize the fishing industry in Canada.

Question 53

How did the Puritans promote their "City Upon a Hill" philosophy?

A)began an intense building effort, creating numerous permanent structures
B)believed that all who desired salvation were granted it unconditionally
C)agreed that all people were eligible to participate in a godly society, whether they were church members or not
D)required a conversion test for male church members

Question 54

By the mid 17^th century, emigrants from Great Britain

A)confined their settlement destinations to the West Indies.
B)often were young single men who sought economic independence.
C)were in a minority compared to the French, Dutch and Spanish settlers.
D)settled only in Maryland so they could experience religious toleration.

Question 55

What characterized immigrants who settled in the Chesapeake area?

A)They were usually wealthy planters looking for investment opportunities in the tobacco industry.
B)Women had more choices in marriage there than in other areas.
C)They were lucky because the area was relatively disease-free.
D)They often came over in family units.

Question 56

Which of these Puritan reforms of the mid 17^th century shaped the long-term development of New England society?

A)discouraging education, since Puritans believed the Bible was the only credible authority
B)making marriage a sacrament to be administered only by the clergy
C)men becoming more empowered with the creation of laws that gave them additional authority over their wives and children
D)parents losing power over children who began to choose their own marriage partners

Question 57

Which of these is an example of a controversy that occurred within the Puritans community?

A)disagreement over whether government should be allowed to dictate religious practices
B)the insistence of Roger Williams that the Puritans should remain part of the Anglican Church
C)the argument by John Winthrop that Indians were entitled to remain on their land
D)the assertion of Winthrop's followers that women should be allowed to fully participate in church doctrine

Question 58

Anne Hutchison incurred the criticism of John Winthrop and others because she

A)insisted that good works were the only path to salvation.
B)alleged that salvation could be achieved even if an individual did not have the gift of faith.
C)preached that ministers should have complete control over religious matters.
D)acted in a way that challenged the authority of men and ministers.

Question 59

The colonists of New Netherland initially enjoyed somewhat amicable relations with the Indians, and over time

A)the good relationship continued because the colonists were not interested in obtaining any more land in this area.
B)the good relationship continued because the Indians were willing to cooperate with the goals of the colonists.
C)the relationship became strained because the Indians refused to convert to Christianity.
D)the relationship deteriorated as the quest for additional land by the colonists became more aggressive.

Question 60

What was unusual about the Pequot War in 1636?

A)It united different Indian groups against the colonists.
B)English colonists united with Indian forces against the Pequot.
C)It resulted in one of the few victories of the Indians against the colonists.
D)It achieved its intended result mostly through negotiation efforts and very little bloodshed.

Question 61

Identify who, what, where, when, and/or why the following are important:
1. Edict of Nantes
2. Thirty Years War
3. Joint stock company
4. Privateering
5. "Black Legend"
6. Samuel de Champlain
7. Wampum
8. Covenant
9. Narragansett Indians
10. Uncas

Question 62

The 1583 writings of Bartolome de las Casas were instrumental in

A)proving to the English they had reason to challenge Spanish control in North America.
B)proving to the Spanish that their treatment of the Indians was just and honorable.
C)creating camaraderie between the Spanish conquistadors and the Indians.
D)recruiting more missionaries to New Mexico.

Question 63

What information should be included in an accurate description of the Dutch colony of New Netherland?

A)increased rapidly due to the success of slavery
B)attracted many Dutch traders due to the convenience of the Hudson River
C)employed a relatively fair way of dealing with the Indians, which led to peaceful cooperation
D)had a hard time attracting Dutch settlers

Question 64

How did the Franciscans and the Jesuits differ in their approach to the conversion of Indians?

A)Jesuits were less willing to cooperate with Indian customs.
B)Jesuits were able to blend Indian and Catholic rituals.
C)Franciscans were able to gain respect through their negotiation tactics.
D)Franciscans accepted the traditional gender roles.

Question 65

The story of the settlement of _____________ is a valuable lesson in history because it prompted the Virginia Company to change strategies.

A)Rhode Island
B)Jamestown
C)New Netherland
D)Roanoke

Question 66

The English colonist John Rolfe was important because he

A)created an acceptable method of government by which colonists could rule themselves.
B)made friends with the Indians and refused to use them as a labor force.
C)became the first religious leader of Jamestown.
D)developed a sweeter variety of tobacco for European consumption.

Question 67

Which factor was significant in the creation of the new colony of Rhode Island?

A)the search for a lucrative area to promote the slave trade
B)the demand for a place that encouraged certain religious freedoms
C)the desire of the English colonists to form a society free from the rule of the monarchy
D)the determination of Indians and colonists to find a place to cohabitate in freedom

Question 68

Which of the following statements best describes the tobacco industry in the colonies?

A)It was supported mostly by the upper class Europeans.
B)It was supported by all Europeans except the English.
C)It encouraged the practice of indentured servitude.
D)King James initially condemned it but eventually supported it because it was such a lucrative export.

Question 69

Why did Puritans have a profound effect on the development of American society?

A)They promoted education through the establishment of colleges and grammar schools.
B)They paved the way for the introduction of legalized slavery.
C)They created an atmosphere of religious toleration.
D)Their way of life tended to dissuade emigrants from settling in areas populated by Puritans.

Question 70

One way in which settlement in the Chesapeake area differed from that of Massachusetts Bay was that

A)settlers in the Chesapeake were likely to live longer due to the warmer climate.
B)the Chesapeake area offered more advantages because of lucrative and successful trade with the Indians.
C)settlers to Massachusetts Bay were more likely to be educated.
D)in the Massachusetts Bay area, most immigrants arrived with no money and little means of support.

Question 71

Indentured servitude

A)was a relatively unknown concept in English culture and was purely an American institution.
B)usually meant a life-long commitment to an overseer.
C)provided a permanent solution to the labor shortages in the American colonies.
D)eventually gave way to the employment of African slave labor.

Question 72

Why were the Spanish interested in New Mexico?

Question 73

Besides Spain, what three European nations were interested in North America and the Caribbean during the last quarter of the 16^th century?

Question 74

What factors allowed the French to establish a trading relationship with the Indians relatively soon after their arrival?

Question 75

What does the story of "Angela" tell us about the lives of African slaves who were sent to Virginia in the early 17^th century?

Question 76

Explain how the various groups of Indians in the Northeast adjusted and adapted to the colonization of Europeans.

Question 77

The English interpretation of colonization presented a picture of a "kinder and gentler colonist" than the Spanish model. Explain whether you agree or disagree with this statement by discussing the colonization efforts by both countries.

Question 78

Joint stock companies were often used as a way of financially supporting voyages to the Americas. Some were more successful than others. Discuss the role that the Massachusetts Bay Company, Virginia Company, and the Dutch West India Company played in early colonization efforts. What were their individual strategies? Did location have any relevance to their success or failure? Why or why not?

Question 79

Identify who, what, where, when, and/or why the following are important:
1. Powhatan
2. St. Augustine
3. conversion test
4. Massasoit
5. Huguenots
6. Sir Francis Drake
7. Massachusetts Bay colony
8. Anne Hutchinson
9. New England's Prospect
10. indentured servant

Question 80

Which of these is an accurate summary of views about land ownership?

A)Early English colonists believed the Indians had the right to some land areas because they recognized that the Indians needed to have the means to support themselves.
B)The Indians felt that land ownership was important to solidify their presence in America.
C)The English felt the Indians did not deserve the land because they were heathens.
D)Colonists needed to control the land because the Indians were killing off all the game.