Deck 4: Truth, Lies, and Deception

Question 1

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-That people lie so frequently while considering it wrong to lie is best described as

A) a Judeo-Christian commandment.
B) self-deception.
C) collective hypocrisy.
D) bearing false witness.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-___________ argued that a "noble lie" is justified by the principle of paternalism.

A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Mill
D) Kant

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-___________ argued that it is permissible to lie when the good consequences of lying outweigh the bad consequences of lying.

A) Plato
B) Mill
C) Montaigne
D) Kant

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-Bonhoeffer argued for the concept of the

A) well-meaning truth.
B) living truth.
C) literal truth
D) literary truth.

Question 5

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-Kant agreed with ___________ that it was always immoral to lie.

A) Plato
B) Mill
C) Nietzsche
D) Socrates

Question 6

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-For ___________, the principle of avoiding doing harm overrides the virtue of telling the truth.

A) Buddhism
B) Confucianism
C) Judaism
D) Christianity

Question 7

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-Machiavelli held a(n) ___________ view of deception, believing that there is nothing wrong with lying so long as it is the most practical and effective way to achieve one's goal.

A) pragmatic
B) idealist
C) absolutist
D) dogmatic

Question 8

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-___________ held that the most dangerous lies are those we tell ourselves before telling them to other people.

A) Mill
B) Machiavelli
C) Nietzsche
D) Plato

Question 9

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-Which of the following is NOT a form of self-deception?

A) rationalization
B) self-knowledge
C) selective attention
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 10

Clancy Martin | A Brief Introduction to the Morality of Deception
Martin introduces the basic questions concerning deception and the philosophers who have contributed to this topic in ethics. He discusses the prevalence of lying even while it is considered an immoral act, the philosophical arguments for and against the act of lying, the moral complexities of deception, and concludes with the paradox of self-deception
-___________ believed that some forms of self-deception could help achieve positive goals.

A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) Mill
D) William James

Question 11

Adrienne Rich holds that when someone we trust lies to us, the very foundation of our worldviews and beliefs are shaken. Do you agree with this position, or would you argue for its opposite, or for some kind of a modification of this view? Present your argument supported by reasons and examples of your own.

Question 12

Machiavelli, like Mill, focused on the effects or consequences of actions, finding it acceptable to lie when it furthered rather than harmed one's cause. Can you think of examples that would contradict this view, in which the act of lying itself was so egregious as to defy justification? If not, can you support this view with examples of your own?

Question 13

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-Solomon contrasts outright deception with

A) exaggerated claims.
B) "morally dubious" claims.
C) false claims.
D) both a and b

Question 14

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-According to Solomon, a lie can be excused if it can be shown that a greater evil would have resulted from

A) inventing a cover-up.
B) having an alibi.
C) telling the truth.
D) telling a falsehood.

Question 15

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-To Solomon, it is ___________ that telling a lie could ever be just as good or right as telling the truth.

A) the case
B) not the case
C) not possible to know
D) conceivable

Question 16

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-Sissela Bok argues that lying is always wrong because it always has

A) rewarding outcomes.
B) long-term benefits.
C) affirmative consequences.
D) negative consequences.

Question 17

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-Reasons for not lying include

A) losing someone's trust.
B) having to remember complicated fabrications.
C) undermining one's faith in others.
D) all of the above

Question 18

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-Kant's primary reason for thinking that it is never right to lie was to imagine what would happen in a world in which

A) lying was generally acceptable.
B) no one would ever lie.
C) no one believed anything.
D) both b and c

Question 19

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-According to Solomon's scale of less to more harmful degrees of lying, idealizing one's products would be ___________ than giving misleading information.

A) better
B) worse
C) the same as
D) more dishonest

Question 20

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-A deliberate and possibly dangerous form of deception is a(n)

A) obvious falsehood.
B) vicious falsehood.
C) "white lie."
D) idealization.

Question 21

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-Alfred Carr's analogy of business to poker was meant to suggest that business has its own rules, unlike

A) other professions.
B) other games.
C) ordinary ethics.
D) bioethics.

Question 22

Robert C. Solomon | Is It Ever Right to Lie?
Solomon distinguishes between a lie being the right thing to do given the context and a lie being what one ought to do. His criteria is to excuse a lie as long as a greater evil would result from telling the truth. Turning to business practice, he lists lesser consequences (such as not telling the whole truth) to more harmful consequences of lying (such as telling a vicious lie) to balance the need for professional honesty with the daily concerns of the business.
-For business contracts, promises, and advertising to be ___________, they must be trustworthy.

A) inoperative.
B) effective.
C) broken.
D) inappropriate.

Question 23

Solomon states that some lies are less wrong than others and lists six types of lying that occur in the business world, from "telling less than the whole truth" to "stating vicious falsehoods." Do you think that a graduated perspective on lying like this is realistic and moral, both, or neither? Explain your answer, using examples from daily practice and advertising.

Question 24

Solomon argues against Alfred Carr's analogy that business is like poker. Which one do you think makes the best argument, and why? Is one of them invoking Kant's famous question "What would happen if everyone were to lie"?

Question 25

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-When there are conflicts between ordinary morality and ___________ morality, they can generally be resolved by reasoning within larger moral considerations.

A) utilitarian
B) absolutist
C) special professionality
D) extraordinary

Question 26

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-According to ___________, the obligations of professionals must be assessed and determined strictly in accordance with our usual moral standards.

A) the priority view
B) the parallel view
C) reflective morality
D) relativist morality

Question 27

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-According to ___________, professional morality is not subordinate to ordinary morality.

A) the priority view
B) the parallel view
C) reflective morality
D) relativist morality

Question 28

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-Ellin believes that professionals face moral perplexities that are ___________ those faced by ordinary people.

A) harder than
B) easier than
C) different from
D) the same as

Question 29

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-Which of the following is NOT a form of deception, according to Ellin?

A) true, though misleading, statements
B) actions which convey a false impression
C) deliberate withholding of information
D) statements the speaker believes to be false

Question 30

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-Lying is worse than deception, according to Ellin, because

A) the liar takes more advantage of weakness than the deceiver.
B) the liar is more responsible for the harm caused than the deceiver.
C) a lie may be a violation of a social contract.
D) all of the above

Question 31

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-Ellin's advice in defending ourselves against deception is to "believe everything you are told but draw no ___________ unless supported by independent evidence."

A) arguments
B) premises
C) inferences
D) principles

Question 32

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-Which of the following models of the professional-client relationship is NOT one proposed by Szasz and Hollender?

A) activity-passivity
B) guidance-cooperation
C) mutual participation
D) agency

Question 33

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-According to Ellin, when it is beyond the client's ability to understand the procedures the professional recommends, there must be ___________ between the professional and client.

A) knowledge
B) respect
C) trust
D) honesty

Question 34

Joseph S. Ellin | Special Professional Morality and the Duty of Veracity
Ellin looks at the relationship between professional ethics and ordinary morality, focusing specifically on the distinction between lying and deception in these two spheres. Preferring the parallel view over the priority view, Ellin examines the role of veracity in the professional-client relationship. He concludes that professional ethics does allow for deception within the fiduciary model as long as it is necessary to protect the client's interests.
-Deception is justified within the fiduciary model of the professional-client relationship as long as it is necessary in protecting the

A) professional's interests.
B) client's interests.
C) innocent.
D) professional code of ethics.

Question 35

Ellin criticizes philosophers who have overlooked the distinction between lying and deception and argues not only for this distinction but also states that lying is worse than deception. How does he define these terms and argue for their differences? Do you agree with his point of view, or would you argue for an opposing or modified view?

Question 36

Of the different models of professional-client relationship Ellin discusses, he is most interested in the importance of distinguishing between lying and deception in one of them. Which model is this, and why does Ellin focus on the role of veracity in this one? Do you agree with his position? Why or why not?

Question 37

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Lies betrayed by ___________ include inventing a line that inadequately accounts for changing circumstances.

A) thinking clues
B) feeling clues
C) facial clues
D) concealing clues

Question 38

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Lies betrayed by ___________ include those that may occur despite either efforts to avoid them or efforts to hide them.

A) thinking clues
B) feeling clues
C) cognitive clues
D) overly smooth clues

Question 39

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Reliable signs of emotion that few people can mimic include

A) moving lip corners up in a smile.
B) contracting the eye muscles while smiling.
C) narrowing the lips in anger.
D) both b and c

Question 40

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Falsifying an experienced emotion is ___________ when one is also attempting to conceal another emotion.

A) easy
B) less difficult
C) more difficult
D) impossible

Question 41

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Signs of a concealed emotion escaping efforts to mask is called

A) prototypical.
B) leakage.
C) deception clues.
D) voluntary.

Question 42

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Detection apprehension signifies

A) guilt about lying.
B) delight in having duped someone.
C) fear of being caught.
D) need to confess.

Question 43

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-When the stakes involve avoiding ___________, not just earning a reward, the greater the detection apprehension.

A) punishment
B) compensation
C) recognition
D) embezzlement

Question 44

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-There is generally ___________ when liar and target are from opposing sides and hold different values.

A) less shame
B) more shame
C) less guilt
D) more guilt

Question 45

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-Liars feel less guilty when their targets are

A) impersonal.
B) victimized.
C) anonymous.
D) both a and c

Question 46

Paul Ekman and Mark G. Frank | Lies That Fail
Ekman and Frank look specifically at lies that fail due to the behavior of the liar. Most of these lies are betrayed by failures in thinking, such as internal inconsistencies, or in emotions, such as falsely portraying or concealing feelings. Emotions also become entwined with lying, such as fear of being caught and guilt about lying. Ekman and Frank consider numerous ways to detect deception apprehension and the types of relationships between liars and their targets.
-A common way to justify deceit is to see it as ___________ for injustice.

A) a plea
B) bargaining
C) retaliation
D) acceptance

Question 47

What is the difference between lies that fail due to thinking clues and those that fail due to feeling clues? Can you think of circumstances exemplifying each type of betrayal? Can you think of circumstances that might involve both types of betrayal?

Question 48

Use the four determinants of detection apprehension to analyze the potential stakes and circumstances under which professionals and clients might lie to each other. Provide examples of your own.

Question 49

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-According to Bok, a lie is any ___________ deceptive message that is stated.

A) unintentionally
B) accidentally
C) involuntarily
D) intentionally

Question 50

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-Deceit controls more subtly than violence, according to Bok, since it works on ___________ as well as action.

A) facts
B) faith
C) belief
D) disbelief

Question 51

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-When information about our personal situation is distorted by lies, our ability to make choices is

A) heightened.
B) improved.
C) impaired.
D) enhanced.

Question 52

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-Successful deception gives power to the

A) duped.
B) misinformed.
C) deceiver.
D) deceived.

Question 53

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-According to Bok, types of excuses for lies include not being aware of or responsible for a lie and offering ___________ reasons for a lie.

A) immoral
B) moral
C) unsupportive
D) questionable

Question 54

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-A paternalistic liar manipulates and controls the deceived by appearing to be

A) selfish.
B) altruistic.
C) egotistic
D) inconsiderate.

Question 55

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-Traditionally, avoiding harm to a patient has been given ___________ priority than being truthful in the doctor-patient relationship.

A) lower
B) higher
C) lesser
D) slighter

Question 56

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-Increasingly truthfulness between doctors and patients has become an ethical issue due to

A) doctors working with medical teams.
B) relatives disagreeing on treatment options.
C) decreased patient autonomy.
D) both a and b

Question 57

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-Current studies show that ___________ patients want the truth about their diagnoses.

A) most
B) few
C) no
D) all

Question 58

Sissela Bok | Lying and Lies to the Sick and Dying
Bok separates the question of moral truth from the larger domain of truth versus falsity. Deception requires intent to mislead with statements believed to be false by the liar, resulting in the power to affect the deceived's beliefs, actions, and choices with distorted information. Bok examines common paternalistic excuses for lying, allegedly committed in the "best interest" of the deceived. Concluding with a focus on the doctor-patient relationship, Bok describes how the increasing call for patient autonomy is shifting the doctor's priority of doing no harm to the patient's right to truthfulness.
-A paradox of modern medicine is that while end-of-life patients increasingly fear loss of autonomy, the period of dependency due to terminal illness has

A) diminished.
B) shortened.
C) lengthened.
D) decreased.

Question 59

Think about a time when you made choices that depended on information available to you at the time and then found out that a crucial piece of information was missing or distorted. How did this affect your ability to judge the situation? Consider Bok's assessment of lying and truthfulness in the light of your experience, looking at the issues of choice, coercion, power, and paternalism. Do you agree with Bok's position, or would you modify it in some way? Explain your answer.

Question 60

Bok examines the growing pressure for doctors to be truthful to patients while adhering to the centuries-old principle to avoid bringing harm to patients. Explain why this is taking place and what is responsible for changes in the doctor-patient relationship. Do you agree with Bok's priority of being truthful over avoiding harm to patients? Why or why not?

Question 61

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-Collins looks at the physician's responsibility to withhold the truth from a ___________ standpoint.

A) moral
B) metaphysical
C) pragmatic
D) ethical

Question 62

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-Collins is most interested in considering the case of patients who

A) do want the truth.
B) do not want the truth.
C) are incapable of receiving the truth.
D) have non-life-threatening illnesses.

Question 63

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-According to Collins, the seriousness of the disease appears to stand in ___________ relation to the reticence of its possessor to be told the truth about it.

A) direct
B) inverse
C) equal
D) variable

Question 64

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-Collins ___________ to tell a patient he had a "different sort of rheumatism," rather than explain mercury and arsenic as the contemporary treatment for syphilis.

A) was forced
B) decided not
C) chose
D) was unable

Question 65

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-Which of the following is NOT a lie prejudicial to physicians, according to Collins?

A) pretending to recognize a disease when ignorant
B) claiming a cure for an incurable disease
C) pronouncing a disease incurable when remedies exist
D) intriguing with family and friends to keep truth from patient

Question 66

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-To Collins, the only time a doctor should confirm a diagnosis of cancer is when

A) the patient presents with early symptoms.
B) symptoms have become obvious to the patient himself.
C) the patient needs assurance that all is well.
D) the patient does not want to be told the truth.

Question 67

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-Collins conspired with the ___________ of patients to keep them from learning the truth about their diagnoses.

A) co-workers
B) employers
C) families and friends
D) attorneys

Question 68

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-The examples Collins provides in his article demonstrate the ___________ consequences of telling the truth and the ___________ consequences of lying to patients.

A) negative; positive
B) positive; negative
C) true; false
D) false; true

Question 69

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-In demonstrating that he understood his patients better than they did themselves, Collins promoted

A) humility on the part of the doctor.
B) patient agency.
C) paternalism on the part of the doctor.
D) autonomy on the part of the patient.

Question 70

Joseph Collins | Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
Collins writes from a physician's point of view in 1927 about male, upper-class patients. His stance is paternalistic. He decides what is best for his patients and how much they should know, focusing, on the one hand, on positive consequences of his decisions to lie to patients (they did not despair or commit suicide) and, on the other hand, on negative consequences of his decisions to tell the truth to patients (they did despair or commit suicide). At times he appears to justify his right to lie to patients on the basis of his superior understanding of their psyches and at others times on the fact that a prognosis is impossible due to the state of current medical knowledge.
-If the patient can be convinced to live appropriately given the diagnosis, Collins believed, the physician has

A) behaved unethically.
B) failed in his obligation.
C) discharged his obligation.
D) not done his duty.

Question 71

Collins agrees with the Hippocrates claim that "judgment is difficult and experience fallacious." Does this contradict the type of lies he felt justified in telling his own patients? Why or why not?

Question 72

On the one hand, Collins said that a doctor is never justified in telling a patients point blank that they have an incurable disease due to the frailty of the human psyche, and, on the other hand, he stresses that not enough is known about the causes and potential cures for diseases to warrant sharing a genuine diagnosis with a patient. Does the second circumstance justify the first in your mind? Why or why not?

Question 73

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-According to Stein, a lie of ___________ is as much a deliberate act of deception as a lie of commission.

A) intention
B) coincidence
C) omission
D) misfortune

Question 74

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-Deception is a broader category than lying, since it includes ___________ as well as statements.

A) questions
B) actions
C) intentions
D) meanings

Question 75

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-The most common reason given for lying, according to Stein, is

A) preventing harm.
B) performing an act of kindness.
C) fear of punishment or embarrassment.
D) achieving personal gain.

Question 76

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-Counselors may justify lying to clients by saying that it ___________ the counseling relationship.

A) worsens
B) impairs
C) improves
D) clarifies

Question 77

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-When counselors justify lying as being in the best interests of a client, they are using a(n) ___________ argument.

A) ends justify the means
B) means justify the ends
C) conditional
D) deductive

Question 78

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-Fear of getting caught for lying tends to isolate the

A) liar.
B) deceived.
C) deceiver.
D) witness.

Question 79

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-The most insidious effect of lying, according to Bok, is the ___________ it robs from the deceived.

A) coercion
B) weakness
C) restraint
D) freedom

Question 80

Ronald H. Stein | Lying and Deception for Counselors and Clients
Stein focuses on lies of omission as well as commission in the counselor-client relationship, widening the discussion of lying to the broader category of deceptive actions. He examines common justifications counselors may use for lying to clients, centered on doing so with their clients' best interests in mind. Following Bok's analysis of the harms done to the deceived, Stein concludes by applying her rules for considering deception to the counselor-client relationship.
-When lying undermines the counseling relationship, it can eventually undermine the ___________ of the counseling profession in the public's eye.

A) training
B) dishonesty
C) credibility
D) deceitfulness