Deck 14: Sexual Disorders and Gender Dysphoria

Question 1

A person can be considered a pedophile if s/he offends against a postpubescent child who is under the age of consent and at least five years younger than the offender.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

People who have experienced child sexual abuse are more likely to be a victim of sexual abuse in adulthood.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

People with voyeurism are often arrested for peeping.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When a person has a fetish, the fetish object is often required for sexual arousal.

Question 5

Gender identity disorder is also referred to as transvestic fetishism.

Question 6

All people with transvestic fetishism are easily identified because they cross-dress in public.

Question 7

In DSM-5, if a person with a paraphilia does not experience distress but causes harm to another person is considered a paraphilic disorder.

Question 8

Most pedophiles seek to hurt the children they molest.

Question 9

People with gender identity disorder are typically homosexual.

Question 10

Rape is most common amongst strangers.

Question 11

PTSD can result from child sexual abuse.

Question 12

Brother-sister incest is the most common form of incest.

Question 13

Most people with gender identity disorder who undergo sex-reassignment surgery do not have regrets about having the surgery.

Question 14

Pedophiles do not have to have sexual contact with a child to warrant the diagnosis.

Question 15

If a sadist and a masochist are in a sexual relationship together, both are diagnosed with their respective disorders.

Question 16

Sexual fantasies are usually an indication of dysfunction.

Question 17

Because people with paraphilias often break the law, we have good statistics on the prevalence rate.

Question 18

One consequence of childhood sexual abuse could be dropping out of college.

Question 19

Most people with gender identity disorder select to engage in therapy to alter their gender identities.

Question 20

Exhibitionists often see sexual interest in benign interactions with women.

Question 21

The label "transsexualism" is most appropriate for which of the following?

A) Claudette feels, inside herself, that she is really a male.
B) Bob is sexually aroused by dressing in female clothing.
C) Toni has both male and female sex organs.
D) Bradley, age six, acts and plays like a girl.

Question 22

Female orgasmic disorder is sexual dysfunction most likely to being a woman to therapy.

Question 23

The sense of being either male or female is referred to as:

A) Sexual orientation
B) Sex role stereotype
C) Gender identity
D) Oedipal identification

Question 24

Male erectile disorder is the most common male sexual dysfunction.

Question 25

Couples experiencing sexual dysfunction often also have interpersonal problems.

Question 26

Gender identity disorder:

A) Is the most severe sexual disorder
B) Is very common in childhood
C) Is more common in homosexual people
D) Is not a diagnosis in DSM-5

Question 27

Transsexuals are people who:

A) Are attracted to members of the same sex.
B) Dress in the clothing of the opposite sex for sexual gratification.
C) Prefer the company of people of the opposite sex.
D) Identify themselves as members of the opposite sex.

Question 28

Treatment for rape victims is similar to treatment for PTSD.

Question 29

How we define sexual dysfunctions varies according to time and place.

Question 30

Masters and Johnson were the first researchers to examine human sexuality.

Question 31

Kirk recalls playing dress up as a child, often wearing girl's clothing. In fact, his family albums are filled with cute photos of Kirk in dresses and high heels. Kirk's relatives found this to be very endearing and reinforced his behaviour. What disorder is Kirk most likely to have as an adult?

A) Fetishism
B) Transvestic Fetishism
C) Pedophilia
D) Gender Dysphoria

Question 32

Gender Identity Disorders almost always begins in:

A) Childhood
B) Adolescence
C) Early adulthood
D) Middle age

Question 33

Jim enjoys wearing women's clothing, but only when he is certain no one will discover his behaviour. In order to meet criteria for gender dysphoria, he would also have to

A) experience sexual gratification from his behaviour.
B) feel that he is actually enacting a behaviour consistent with his inner gender.
C) seek other men who enjoy dressing as women.
D) All of the above would allow Jim to meet criteria for gender dysphoria.

Question 34

Premature ejaculation is the most common male sexual dysfunction.

Question 35

Why did some researchers push for gender identity disorder should be removed from the DSM?

A) Because it does not have diagnostic reliability
B) Because it tends to resolve without treatment
C) Because many children with GID are not distressed about their biological sex
D) Because it has not been sufficiently studied

Question 36

Imperato-McGinley and colleagues (1974) conducted a study in the Dominican Republic on a group of participants who were unable to produce a hormone that shapes the penis and scrotum during fetal development. Follow up data revealed that:

A) The sexual organs never fully developed, and 15 of the 18 boys were diagnosed with gender identity disorder (GID)
B) During puberty, testosterone levels changed the temperament of many boys but no physiological changes were noted
C) After puberty, only 25% of the boys retained their diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID)
D) During puberty the sex organs developed, leading to 17 of the 18 boys developing a male gender identity

Question 37

What has the DSM-5 changed regarding the diagnosis of Gender identity Disorder?

A) Changed the term to Gender Incongruence
B) Changed the term to Gender Dysphoria
C) Removed the diagnosis entirely
D) Moved the diagnosis to Axis II

Question 38

Sexual dysfunctions can occur at any stage of the human sexual response cycle.

Question 39

Gender identity disorder (GId) in childhood has been linked with

A) insecure attachment patterns.
B) social phobia.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) authoritarian parenting styles.

Question 40

Surgical implantation of a silicone rod essentially cures sexual problems in men.

Question 41

The "para" in paraphilia refers to:

A) Discomfort
B) Deviation
C) Autoerotic
D) Solitary

Question 42

Research on sex-reassignment surgery in gender identity disorder (GId) has found that:

A) There is generally an extended period of post-operative regret
B) Male to female transsexuals have greater success than female to male transsexuals
C) Success depends on emotional stability, among other preoperative factors
D) Psychotherapy does not provide additional benefits to the patients above and beyond the surgery itself

Question 43

Research has found that when mothers take sex hormones during pregnancy

A) their children behave more like members of the opposite sex.
B) children develop irreversible neural abnormalities.
C) children develop anatomical abnormalities, but no behavioural or psychological changes have been noted.
D) their children show reduced cross-gender interests.

Question 44

In the 1995 British Columbia Human Rights Commission case, why was Kimberly Nixon asked to leave the Vancouver Rape Relief Society where she had been volunteering as a rape counsellor?

A) She had suicidal tendencies.
B) She was a transsexual.
C) She herself had never been the victim of a sexual assault.
D) She lacked counselling ability.

Question 45

A recent Canadian study found that ______ of men reported voyeuristic fantasies of peeping at unsuspecting naked women.

A) <1%
B) 15%
C) 50%
D) 80%

Question 46

Harry finds women's clothing, particularly undergarments, sexually arousing. He especially enjoys watching his girlfriend undress. Which of the following diagnoses would fit Harry's case?

A) Fetishism
B) Transvestic fetishism
C) Voyeurism
D) None of the above

Question 47

Fetishists are sexually aroused by

A) inanimate objects.
B) exposing themselves to people while masturbating.
C) observing other people engaging in sexual activity.
D) children.

Question 48

In sex-reassignment surgery:

A) Opposite-sex genitals are constructed and hormones are taken.
B) Genital transplants are inserted from donors.
C) Hormones are taken but genitals are left intact.
D) Secondary features (e.g., Adam's apple, chin, nose) are altered, but genitals are left intact.

Question 49

A case study by Bradley, Oliver, Chernick, and Zucker (1998) describes a Canadian boy whose penis was sloughed off as a result of a burn during infancy and whose gender identity was reassigned as a girl. Long-term follow-up of this case showed

A) conclusive support of the Nurture hypothesis, with no trace of male identity.
B) conclusive support for the Nature Hypothesis: this individual eventually discovered the truth and lived as a man.
C) a female gender identity was present despite several masculine tendencies.
D) a male gender identity was present but remnants of the female gender identity were evident.

Question 50

John would like to have sex-reassignment surgery. Before undergoing treatment, John must

A) Take a personality test to ensure that he is suitable.
B) Undergo six to twelve months of living as the desired gender and take part in psychotherapy.
C) Receive counseling regarding the desirable aspects of his birth gender.
D) Visit a properly trained physician.

Question 51

Tyler has recently undergone successful and satisfactory sex reassignment surgery to complete his transformation from the female body he was born with (as Tamara). How should he be diagnosed, according to DSM-5?

A) Gender dyshphoria
B) Gender identity disorder
C) Post-surgical transsexual
D) No diagnosis, as he is not distressed or impaired

Question 52

Ray Blanchard at the Clarke Institute in Toronto coined the term autogynephilia which refers to a man's tendency to become sexually aroused at the thought of or image of:

A) Himself as a woman
B) Himself having sex with an inanimate object
C) Himself as a child
D) Himself having sex with multiple women simultaneously

Question 53

Seven-year-old Matthew has begun playing with dolls. Considering what is known about the causes of gender identity disorder in childhood, his parents should

A) seek professional help for Matthew.
B) quietly remove the dolls and begin encouraging more appropriate activities.
C) begin setting stricter limits on Matthew's behaviour generally.
D) do nothing.

Question 54

In the Green and Fleming (1990) review, which of the following factors was not found to predict successful adjustment following sex-reassignment surgery?

A) High expectations for the surgery
B) Emotional stability
C) Psychotherapy in the context of a gender identity program
D) All of the above choices are correct.

Question 55

The John/Joan case described by Colapinto illustrated that gender identity is determined by:

A) The environment alone
B) Biology alone
C) The interaction of the environment and biology
D) Prevailing community values

Question 56

A person with gender identity disorder is attracted to people

A) From the same sex.
B) From the opposite sex
C) From the same or opposite sex.
D) With the same sexual orientation.

Question 57

The case of John/Joan illustrates:

A) That gender identity is primarily learned from the environment.
B) Gender confusion is the net result of being raised as though one were a member of the opposite gender.
C) Gender identity appears largely biologically based.
D) That masculine attributes are internalized, while feminine attributes are externalized.

Question 58

According to a study by Hanson and Harris (1997), what percentage of Canadian men report voyeuristic fantasies of peeping at naked women?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 59

The final 2003 ruling in the complex case of transsexual Kimberly Nixon is that:

A) The court ruled in favour of the Vancouver Rape Relief Society but allowed Kimberly to keep the monetary award
B) The court ruled in favour of the Vancouver Rape Relief Society and Kimberly had to return the monetary award
C) The court ruled in favour of Kimberly but there was no monetary award
D) The court ruled in favour of Kimberly and there was a substantial monetary award

Question 60

A component of psychotherapy prior to sex-reassignment surgery involves:

A) Discouraging the patient from seeking surgery, to ensure that they are serious.
B) Focusing on options that may have been overlooked (e.g., removing facial hair).
C) Training in proper opposite sex behaviour before surgery.
D) Examining underlying causes of opposite gender identity.

Question 61

What differentiates a transvestite from someone who has GID?

A) Transvestites only cross-dress in private
B) People with GID want surgery while transvestites are happy with their sex.
C) Nothing, they are the same
D) Transvestites derive sexual pleasure from cross-dressing

Question 62

Evidence suggests that the structure of families in which incest most commonly occurs is

A) single parent families.
B) blended families.
C) extended families.
D) patriarchal and traditional families.

Question 63

Why has convicted New Brunswick pedophile Karl Toft, found guilty of committing over 30 acts of sexual assault involving children, buggery, and bestiality, repeatedly been denied parole?

A) He has failed to express empathy for his victims.
B) The parole board believes he lacks an internal control mechanism.
C) He has refused to take medication as a form of treatment.
D) All of the above.

Question 64

In a study by Studer and colleagues from the Alberta Hospital- Edmonton site, approximately what percentage of incest offenders reported also having non-incestuous victims?

A) <1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 65

According to a Canadian study by Seto and colleagues (2006), the strongest predictor of pedophilia is:

A) A history of child pornography offences
B) A history of previous sexual offences against child victims
C) Female gender
D) A history of conduct disorder

Question 66

In 2004, Michael Briere was convicted and sentenced for the brutal murder of Holly Jones in Toronto. His fantasy of having sex with a young child was fuelled by:

A) The child abuse he experienced as a boy
B) Frequent access to children as part of his job
C) Ready access to child pornography on the internet
D) His tendency to experience bouts of psychotic depression

Question 67

An archival study of cases in Saskatchewan examining the nature of incest versus extra familial forms of child sexual abuse found that:

A) Extra familial forms of child sexual abuse had an earlier onset and longer duration
B) Incest had an earlier onset and longer duration
C) Extra familial forms of child sexual abuse had an earlier onset and shorter duration
D) Incest had an later onset and shorter duration

Question 68

Ray Blanchard of the Clarke Institute in Toronto coined the term "autogynephilia" to refer to which of the following symptoms in men?

A) Assuming a spectator role in their sexual encounters
B) A chronic, overaroused state
C) Disgust with one's own sexual functions
D) Sexual arousal at the thought of being a woman

Question 69

In a study conducted at the Alberta Hospital- Edmonton site, Studer and colleagues found that many of the incest offenders also reported having non-incestuous victims. Studer et al. concluded that these men:

A) Had a general attraction to children and preyed on their own because of opportunity.
B) Had a stronger attraction to their own children but if not available would prey on other children.
C) Had a stronger attraction to other children but preyed on their own because they could not access other children.
D) None of the above.

Question 70

Which of the following is true about the prevalence of pedophilia (Seto, 2009)?

A) It occurs equally in women and men, but men receive more media attention
B) It is rarely comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders
C) It is defined exclusively in heterosexual contacts
D) Is increasingly associated with Internet use

Question 71

Someone who derives sexual pleasure from contact with prepubescent children is a(n)

A) fetishist.
B) exhibitionist.
C) pedophile.
D) person with gender identity disorder of childhood.

Question 72

Ben can only become sexually aroused when he is wearing women's clothing. He especially enjoys having sexual relations with his wife while he is wearing her garments. Which of the following diagnoses would fit Ben's case?

A) Transvestism
B) Transsexualism
C) Voyeurism
D) Exhibitionism

Question 73

A Canadian study by Seto et al. (2006) found that _____ is a stronger diagnostic indicator of pedophilia than is an actual history of sexually offending against child victims.

A) a child pornography offence
B) a chronic, overaroused state
C) a history of homosexuality
D) none of the above

Question 74

In comparing cases of incest versus other forms of child abuse, a Saskatchewan study found that:

A) Victims of child abuse had greater levels of physical injury
B) Child abuse occurred at an earlier age of onset and longer duration
C) Victims of incest had greater levels of emotional distress
D) Incest victims tended to be younger than child abuse victims

Question 75

Which of the following was reported by Marshall, Barbaree and Christophe (1986) with regard to incest and non-incest child abusers?

A) Incest offenders show more arousal to adult heterosexual stimuli.
B) Incest offenders show more arousal to photographs of nude children.
C) Incest offenders have lower levels of sexual arousal to stimuli in general.
D) Incest offenders become more aroused to all presented stimuli.

Question 76

Historically, the taboo against incest did not apply in:

A) Constantinople
B) Ancient Rome
C) Ancient Egypt
D) Mesopotamia

Question 77

The incest taboo

A) is limited to Western societies.
B) appears to serve evolutionary significance.
C) produces guilt in the assailant.
D) generalizes to pedophilic urges.

Question 78

What factor has University of Ottawa researcher Firestone found to distinguish homicidal from non-homicidal child molesters?

A) They show a greater response to descriptions of assault on children.
B) They most often do not know the child they are assaulting.
C) They are often younger and less experienced.
D) They show a greater tendency to also be involved in the rape of adult victims.

Question 79

In a recent Quebec study, Cyr and colleagues found that __________ incest was associated with a higher frequency of sexual penetration.

A) father-daughter
B) son-mother
C) brother-sister
D) father-son

Question 80

An analysis by Marshall at Queen's University revealed that pedophiles tend to prefer:

A) Pre-pubescent children
B) Pre-pubescent boys
C) Both pre- and post-pubescent children
D) Post-pubescent girls