Deck 14: Sexual Orientation

Question 1

In the most recent survey regarding sexually attraction, less than _______% of men and women reported being attracted only to individuals of the same sex as themselves.

A) 90
B) 20
C) 10
D) 5
E) 2

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the distribution of sexual orientations in men and women?

A) The distributions in men and women are very similar.
B) There are more bisexual and more homosexual women than men.
C) There are fewer bisexual and fewer homosexual women than men.
D) There are more bisexual and fewer homosexual women than men.
E) There are fewer bisexual and more homosexual women than men.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The idea that gay people are "gender-variant" is

A) widely embraced by the gay community.
B) widely rejected by the gay community.
C) accepted by lesbians but rejected by gay men.
D) accepted by gay men but rejected by lesbians.
E) embraced by some members of the gay community but rejected by others.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In order to determine whether childhood behavior can predict adult sexual orientation, the best experimental design would be to

A) select a large sample of children, and assess gender-related behaviors and sexual preferences at different times in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
B) interview gay adults about their behavior as children.
C) interview both gay and straight adults about their behavior as children and compare the two.
D) identify transgendered children and determine what percentage of individuals seek sex reassignment surgery.
E) identify children who are teased or bullied in school for being "gay" or "queer" and monitor their behavior and sexual preferences over time.

Question 5

During childhood, boys who later become gay tend to engage less in

A) cross-dressing.
B) rough-and-tumble play.
C) social interactions with girls.
D) play with dolls and stuffed animals.
E) role-playing as a girl.

Question 6

One potential disadvantage of finding a biological basis to homosexuality might be that such a discovery could

A) advance scientific understanding of sexual attraction.
B) reduce discrimination against homosexuals.
C) help people understand themselves better.
D) motivate people to find a "cure" for homosexuality.
E) promote equal rights for homosexuals.

Question 7

The observation that approximately 8% of male _______ are naturally homosexual challenges the claim that homosexuality is "unnatural."

A) humans
B) rats
C) sheep
D) spiders
E) zebra fish

Question 8

Researchers have studied finger length ratios in heterosexual and homosexual women

A) in order to find ways to diagnose homosexuality.
B) because lesbian women use their hands more when expressing themselves.
C) because the growth of the ring finger is an indicator of sexual maturity in women.
D) because finger length is influenced by sexual experiences in early childhood.
E) because finger ratios are sexually dimorphic and thought to be an indicator of prenatal hormone levels.

Question 9

Neuroscientists studying the brains of heterosexuals and homosexuals often look at the _______ because this region of the brain is known to be involved in reproductive and mating behaviors.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) pituitary
D) brainstem
E) hippocampus

Question 10

All of the following biological differences exist between gay and straight people except

A) the relative size of the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
B) function of the inner ear.
C) visual perception.
D) eye-blink reflex.
E) relative finger lengths.

Question 11

Differences in hypothalamic activity between gay and straight people can be examined using techniques such as

A) hormone measurement.
B) microscopic analysis of autopsy tissue.
C) PET scanning.
D) surveys.
E) behavioral observations.

Question 12

Identical twins are more likely than siblings or fraternal twins to have the same sexual orientation, although this is not always the case. This suggests that

A) genes are the major determinant of sexual orientation.
B) genes influence sexual orientation, but other factors may be involved as well.
C) a shared fetal environment determines sexual orientation.
D) a shared childhood environment determines sexual orientation.
E) parents guide development of sexual orientation through operant conditioning.

Question 13

Studies into biological mechanisms underlying sexual orientation suggest that

A) sexual orientation develops the same way in gay men as in lesbians.
B) sexual orientation develops the same way in heterosexual men as in lesbians.
C) the mechanisms governing sexual orientation are more variable and complex in women than in men.
D) in most lesbian women a fragment of the Y chromosome "jumped onto" one of her X chromosomes.
E) adult lesbian women have lower levels of testosterone than heterosexual women.

Question 14

Early Christians, such as _______, strongly disapproved of homosexual behavior between men or women.

A) Jesus
B) Gabriel
C) St. Maurice
D) St. Paul
E) Aristotle

Question 15

One theory put forth in ancient literature suggests that human individuals result from separated double-creatures and that sexual desire originates from the desire to be united with one's ancestral half. Using this reasoning, individuals who descended from male‒female hybrids are

A) heterosexual.
B) hermaphrodites.
C) homosexual.
D) bisexual.
E) androgynous.

Question 16

Which of the following was a positive impact of Krafft-Ebing's book Psychopathia Sexualis?

A) It labeled homosexuality as a mental disorder so homosexuals received the proper treatment.
B) It provided support for Freud's theories about psychosexual development.
C) It identified gays and lesbians as sexual deviants so they could be properly monitored.
D) It helped gays and lesbians form a sense of sexual identity that was distinct from the heterosexual norm.
E) It provided a theoretical basis for "conversion" therapies for homosexuality.

Question 17

The development of gay and lesbian self-awareness was fostered by all of the following except

A) the prevalence of same-sex cohabitation by educated women in New England.
B) an emphasis on emotional and sexual intimacy within heterosexual marriage.
C) the development of a homosexual subculture in urban areas of Europe and the United States.
D) the classification of homosexuals as individuals who were psychologically distinct from heterosexuals.
E) sexual intimacy between men and male youths in ancient Greece.

Question 18

Homosexual couples

A) generally include one sexually dominant and one sexually submissive partner.
B) generally include one partner with masculine characteristics and one partner with feminine characteristics.
C) cannot be classified into one or two "types," but often express a wide range of attitudes toward gender.
D) usually prefer to live without children.
E) almost always conform to the gender roles seen in heterosexual relationships.

Question 19

The gay rights movement began in

A) the United States.
B) France.
C) Switzerland.
D) Canada.
E) Germany.

Question 20

Magnus Hirschfeld's efforts to promote gay rights

A) were thwarted by Hitler's persecution of homosexuals.
B) succeeded in Germany and spread rapidly through the rest of Europe.
C) were suppressed by New York City riot police.
D) led to his election as the first openly gay politician in Europe.
E) led to his arrest on sodomy charges.

Question 21

The first enduring American gay rights organization was the

A) Freudian Psychoanalytic Committee.
B) Scientific-Humanitarian Committee.
C) Stonewall Committee.
D) Boston Marriage Committee.
E) Mattachine Society.

Question 22

Which of the following has had the most important impact on changing individual attitudes toward gay men and lesbians?

A) The inclusion of gay characters in television shows
B) Having friends or relatives who are gay
C) Visiting gay meccas like the Castro District in San Francisco
D) The involvement of feminists in lesbian activism
E) The enacting of hate-crime laws covering sexual orientation

Question 23

During the 1970s, early progress toward gay rights came in the form of

A) antidiscrimination ordinances enacted in many cities.
B) integration of gays into the military.
C) approval of gay marriage in several states.
D) the Supreme Court ruling that antisodomy laws were unconstitutional.
E) the formation of the Log Cabin Republicans.

Question 24

The first openly gay man to be elected to city government in the United States was

A) Barney Frank.
B) Gavin Newsom.
C) John Money.
D) Alfred Kinsey.
E) Harvey Milk.

Question 25

According to U.S. national polls,

A) Americans have become more hostile toward gays over the past 20 years.
B) attitudes toward gays have not significantly changed over the past 20 years.
C) Americans have become more accepting of gays over the past 20 years.
D) few Americans (less than 10%) hold discriminatory attitudes toward gays.
E) gay rights efforts have backfired, leading to increased homophobia in recent years.

Question 26

The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act

A) allowed the federal government to extend spousal benefits, rights, and privileges to same-sex partners from states in which gay marriage was legal.
B) prevented the federal government from extending spousal benefits, rights, and privileges to marriages between same-sex partners.
C) allowed the federal government to recognize civil unions between same-sex partners as the legal equivalent of marriage.
D) banned states from enacting gay marriage laws.
E) allowed gay marriages to be performed by government officials but not religious institutions.

Question 27

In 2003, a state Supreme Court paved the way for gay marriage in the state of

A) California.
B) Massachusetts.
C) Connecticut.
D) Florida.
E) Texas.

Question 28

In 2003, the Federal Civil Marriage Act legalized same-sex marriage rights in

A) the United States.
B) Canada.
C) France.
D) Great Britain.
E) Mexico.

Question 29

Around the world, antigay sentiment is

A) universally understood to be unjust and discriminatory.
B) highest in developed and industrialized nations.
C) about the same everywhere.
D) higher in Western Europe than in North America.
E) highest in developing nations with traditional cultures.

Question 30

In Iran and a few other Islamic countries, people prosecuted and convicted for homosexual acts are

A) required to perform community service.
B) imprisoned.
C) flogged.
D) required to pay large fines.
E) executed.

Question 31

The preadolescent years pose many challenges for gay children. Which of the following is not one of those challenges?

A) This is the time of life when sexual feelings and drives first emerge.
B) Parents and teachers are usually reluctant to discuss sexuality with children of this age.
C) Social pressures to be unique and not conform to social norms are very strong at this age.
D) Same-sex social are established at this age.
E) Children of this age tend to use derogatory terms without fully understanding their meaning or implications.

Question 32

Despite an increase in antibullying programs at schools, in a recent survey _______% of gay and transgendered teens reported being verbally or physically abused by their peers.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 75
D) 85
E) 98

Question 33

Which of the following is not provided by Internet chat rooms and social groups for gay youth?

A) Protection against cyberbullying
B) Anonymity
C) The ability to meet and connect with people like themselves
D) Emotional support
E) Access to information and other resources

Question 34

For individuals raised in very conservative or religious environments where homosexual behavior is viewed as immoral, the acknowledgment that one is gay is often accompanied by

A) anger.
B) relief.
C) orgasm.
D) denial and self-loathing.
E) an increase in gender nonconformist behavior.

Question 35

A small, women-centered city in which many citizens are lesbians is

A) San Francisco, CA.
B) West Hollywood, CA.
C) Northampton, MA.
D) Provincetown, MA.
E) Crawford, TX.

Question 36

Gay men are overrepresented and especially successful in

A) the creative arts.
B) professional sports.
C) education fields.
D) the clergy.
E) construction work.

Question 37

One problem with gay meccas is that they may represent a flight from other aspects of cultural

A) acceptance.
B) identity.
C) diversity.
D) questioning.
E) upheaval.

Question 38

Gay people who belong to ethnic minorities may face challenges with all of the following except

A) finding public role models to identify with.
B) cultural traditions that emphasize heterosexual marriage.
C) finding support groups for gay people who belong to minorities.
D) cultural taboos on discussions of sexuality.
E) maintaining ties to their cultural roots while also becoming part of a gay community.

Question 39

Significant numbers of gay men engage in sex in all of the following except

A) private bedrooms.
B) churches.
C) public places.
D) "teahouses" (men's bathrooms).
E) bathhouses.

Question 40

Sexual subcultures are more common among

A) gay men than lesbians.
B) lesbians than gay men.
C) heterosexuals than homosexuals.
D) gay men in rural areas than urban communities.
E) bisexual women than gay men.

Question 41

In 2009, an expert panel of the American Psychological Association concluded that "conversion" therapies

A) work well in individuals who have conservative religious values.
B) should remain a mainstay of modern psychoanalytic treatment.
C) are a reasonable therapeutic option for individuals who are extremely distressed by their sexual orientation.
D) do not work but are generally harmless to people who undergo them.
E) do not work and may cause harm to people who undergo them.

Question 42

Homophobia is often passed across generations through all of the following except

A) genetic inheritance.
B) cultural institutions.
C) religious education.
D) family traditions.
E) political movements.

Question 43

A prejudicial attitude against gender transgression is called _______ because it is directed most strongly against males who act like females.

A) femiphobia
B) mascuphobia
C) homophobia
D) heterophobia
E) gynephobia

Question 44

By 2009, _______ states had enacted laws banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

A) 5
B) 12
C) 20
D) 25
E) 30

Question 45

More individuals identify as bisexual when bisexuality is defined as

A) being exclusively gynephilic.
B) being exclusively androphilic.
C) having any degree of attraction to both men and women.
D) having equal attraction to both men and women.
E) having no attraction to either men or women.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a widely held belief about bisexuals?

A) They are really homosexuals in denial of their true sexual orientation.
B) They are really heterosexuals going through a transient phase of sexual experimentation.
C) They are exceptionally promiscuous, since they will have sex with anyone regardless of gender.
D) They are usually in long-term committed relationships.
E) Their choice to have relationships with both same-sex and opposite sex partners threatens the gay rights movement.

Question 47

The exact percentage of people reporting homosexual attraction in a population is most likely to be distorted by

A) small sample size.
B) trendiness of being gay.
C) respondents' not wanting to disclose their homosexual orientation.
D) respondents' exaggeration of their sexual activities.
E) respondents' not understanding what homosexuality is.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is false?

A) In general, gay men are less aggressive than straight men.
B) Lesbians score in a gender-atypical fashion on some cognitive tests.
C) Gay men have less sex than straight men.
D) Gays and lesbians tend to be less gender-conformist on their choice of occupation.
E) None of the above is false; all are true.

Question 49

In Richard Green's longitudinal study of feminine boys and control boys, the major finding was that

A) half of the feminine boys became heterosexual.
B) most of the feminine boys became heterosexual.
C) most of the feminine boys sought sex reassignment surgery in adulthood.
D) some of the control boys became homosexual.
E) most of the feminine boys became homosexual or bisexual adults.

Question 50

"Gaydar" is

A) the ability to hide one's sexual orientation from others.
B) the ability to recognize gay people on the basis of their unconscious behaviors.
C) a secret greeting that signals homosexuality.
D) a facial expression that is characteristically gay.
E) in a strange city, knowing instinctively where the gay bars are located.

Question 51

There exists a partial correlation between sexual orientation and

A) other components of gender.
B) family support.
C) sexual satisfaction.
D) sex reassignment surgery.
E) erectile dysfunction.

Question 52

Women exposed to high levels of androgens in utero, due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia, are

A) less likely than other women to experience same-sex attraction.
B) more likely than other women to request sex-change surgery.
C) more likely than other women to experience same-sex attraction.
D) less likely than other women to request sex-change surgery.
E) more likely than other women to have homophobic attitudes.

Question 53

A gynephilic person is sexually attracted to

A) a woman's genitals.
B) a man's genitals.
C) men who dress as women.
D) women who dress as men.
E) women in general.

Question 54

LeVay reported that

A) INAH3 is larger in straight men than gay men.
B) the hippocampus is larger in gay men than straight men.
C) the hippocampus is larger in straight men than gay men.
D) INAH3 is larger in gay men than straight men.
E) INAH3 is larger in women than men.

Question 55

A pheromone-like compound derived from men's armpits triggers activity in the anterior hypothalamus of

A) gay men and lesbian women.
B) straight and gay men.
C) straight men and lesbian women.
D) straight and lesbian women.
E) straight women and gay men.

Question 56

Based on research, which of the following has not been reported to differ between gay and straight people?

A) Cerebral hemispheres
B) Inner ear functions
C) Eye-blinking reflexes
D) Relative finger length
E) Onuf's nucleus of spinal cord

Question 57

In Christian and early Western European moral codes, homosexual contact between men was called

A) homophily.
B) sodomy.
C) homogamy.
D) androphilia.
E) gluttony.

Question 58

A late nineteenth-century development that unintentionally promoted the identifiable homosexual identity was

A) a syphilis epidemic.
B) companionate marriage.
C) the dissemination of books.
D) Boston marriage.
E) the Stonewall riots.

Question 59

Nineteenth-century "Boston marriages" were

A) same-sex cohabitations between men.
B) same-sex cohabitations between women that were usually not sexual.
C) same-sex cohabitations between women that probably were often sexual.
D) same-sex cohabitations between a retired older man and his young homosexual lover.
E) opposite-sex cohabitations that were not sexual.

Question 60

The concept of gender invert describes

A) the idea that homosexual men are like women and homosexual women are like men.
B) the idea that homosexual men are actually hypermasculine.
C) the idea that homosexual people resemble heterosexual people of the same sex.
D) the idea that straight people sometimes engage? in gay sex.
E) the idea of straight men cross-dressing for sexual gratification.

Question 61

The gay rights movement originated in the _______ century in _______.

A) nineteenth; the United States
B) seventeenth; Britain
C) nineteenth; Germany
D) seventeenth; France
E) nineteenth; Canada

Question 62

The first U.S. gay rights organization was the _______, which originated in _______.

A) Sons of the Revolution; San Francisco
B) Mattachine Society; Los Angeles
C) Daughters of Bilitis; San Francisco
D) Stonewall Society; New York
E) Stonewall Society; San Francisco

Question 63

Homosexuality was considered to be a psychiatric disorder by the American Psychiatric Association until

A) 1923.
B) 1943.
C) 1953.
D) 1973.
E) 1993.

Question 64

Being very gender-nonconformist in childhood is a predictor of adult homosexuality or bisexuality in

A) both boys and girls.
B) neither boys nor girls.
C) girls more than boys.
D) boys more than girls.
E) some girls and some boys.

Question 65

Many gays find the _______ phase of coming out, in which he/she _______, to be the most difficult.

A) first; accepts his/her own orientation
B) second; comes out to friends and relatives
C) third; joins a gay community
D) fourth; integrates being gay into other aspects of identity
E) all stages are equally difficult.

Question 66

The popular stereotype that gay men are overrepresented in hairstyling is _______, and the impression that lesbians are overrepresented among tennis and golf professionals appears to be _______.

A) true; true
B) true; false
C) false; true
D) false; false
E) somewhat true; somewhat false

Question 67

Voguing balls are

A) sex toys used primarily by gay men.
B) dances designed to bring together lesbian couples and unite the lesbian community.
C) dances to promote a gay-straight alliances.
D) exercise equipment with erotic possibilities.
E) elaborate gay contests in dance, drag, and "realness."

Question 68

Two sexual behaviors that are perhaps practiced more commonly by homosexual than heterosexual couples are _______ intercourse and _______.

A) intertibial; tribadism
B) intertibial; monsualism
C) intercrural; tribadism
D) intercrural; monsualism
E) coitus; nipple stimulation

Question 69

Bathhouse sex is characterized by

A) casual semi-public gay sex.
B) casual group sex in a large hot pool.
C) alternative sexual acts in secluded private anonymous settings.
D) gay sex between men who are living a straight lifestyle.
E) rapid sexual encounters between heterosexuals in a semi-private setting.

Question 70

A "bear" is typically a big, hairy

A) transvestite.
B) lesbian.
C) pedophile.
D) gay man.
E) man who does not trim his pubic hair.

Question 71

The children of openly gay or lesbian couples _______ and are _______ than other children.

A) are less open to same-sex encounters; less empathetic
B) are more accepting of social diversity; more homophobic
C) suffer a degree of teasing; less empathetic
D) suffer a degree of teasing; more homophobic
E) are more accepting of social diversity; less homophobic

Question 72

Conversion treatments

A) attempt to change sexual orientation from gay to straight.
B) are rarely, if ever, effective.
C) are often harmful.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 73

Homophobia is thought to result from a failure of

A) encephalization.
B) empathy.
C) self-actualization.
D) religion.
E) education.

Question 74

Experimental evidence suggests that homophobic men, but not nonhomophobic men, are sexually aroused by images of

A) senseless violence.
B) sexual violence.
C) female-female sex.
D) male-male sex.
E) group sex involving at least one female.

Question 75

Which of the following statements about bisexuality is false?

A) Many women have some degree of bisexuality.
B) Men are usually gay or straight.
C) Bisexual people are often disliked.
D) Bisexuality has a clear community identity.
E) Bisexual men are often in relationships with women.

Question 76

For bisexuals, a crucial part of the "coming-out" process is the recognition that they

A) have unusually strong sexual appetites.
B) do not have to view themselves as either gay or straight.
C) are hermaphrodites.
D) may be incapable of forming durable sexual relationships.
E) will have to decide on their sexual orientation at some later point.

Question 77

Sexual _______ is the dimension of personality that describes the balance of sexual attraction to the two sexes.

Question 78

Female homosexuals are called _______ and male homosexuals are called _______.

Question 79

Lesbian and gay men have traditionally been thought to be _______, possessing many characteristics of the other sex.

Question 80

The ability to recognize gay people on the basis of unconscious behaviors is known colloquially as _______.