Deck 6: Gender and the Global Economy

Question 1

How do differences in emotional labor fall along gender lines?

A) Men are almost never required to do emotion work, and when they try to, they are passed over for promotions and raises.
B) Women are more than 40 times more likely to do emotional labor, which is by definition unpaid.
C) Women are more likely than men to be required to do emotion work, and they are expected to show different emotions.
D) Men are more likely than women to be required to do emotion work, and women are expected to suppress emotion.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What percent of men's wages do women earn in the United States?

A) 16%
B) 61%
C) 81%
D) 94%

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What happens when men enter women-dominated professions?

A) They experience a similar glass ceiling effect as women in male-dominated professions.
B) They find themselves welcome and even given preferential treatment, but they are encouraged to move up in their professions.
C) They are often assumed to be gay, and they experience workplace homophobia, whether they are gay or straight.
D) They face awkward, unfriendly, and sometimes interactions with colleagues, management, and patients.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How is the labor market gender segregated?

A) Men and women have similar salary scales, but they are in different jobs.
B) Men do all the hiring and firing, while women have to overperform to find work.
C) Men and women are in the same jobs, but men's jobs tend to pay better than women's jobs.
D) Men and women are in different jobs, and men's jobs tend to pay better than women's jobs.

Question 5

How is retirement gendered?

A) Men receive more Social Security than women.
B) Women live longer than men, so women's savings have further to stretch.
C) Men are able to retire earlier than women.
D) Men are taught to save for retirement earlier than women, so men have larger "nest eggs" for retirement.

Question 6

In a society in which work is a primary sign of masculinity, how do unemployed and homeless men cope?

A) They self-medicate with drugs and alcohol, and their sense of masculinity resides primarily in their drinking and drug use.
B) They develop other styles of masculinity that value such features as taking responsibility, being "cool," and being hypermasculine or hyperfeminine.
C) They reject gendered stereotypes and come to a "postgender" understanding of gender.
D) They consider their own means of survival as a form of work, in which their masculinity is only somewhat threatened.

Question 7

Which of the following is the poorest group in the world?

A) Female children
B) Women in the global South
C) Children in the global South
D) Women and children

Question 8

In what areas of the world does the gender gap in unpaid housework exist?

A) All areas of the world
B) Most areas of the world except Nordic countries
C) Most areas of the world except the Antipodes
D) Developing nations in Africa, Latin America, and Asia

Question 9

What does "globalization" refer to?

A) Capitalist economic policies and their global effects
B) The spread of socialism that Karl Marx envisioned would precede worldwide communism
C) The integration of the world's economies, political systems, informational networks, and ecology into one large global system
D) The mistake of reducing complex differences between nations to an idea of global sameness

Question 10

What is the GAD model for understanding the global economy?

A) The global alliance directive, which understands the economy as a matter of alliances and negotiation
B) The gender affirmation determination, a model that focuses on ways that affirmation of gender presentation can prevent gender-based economic disparities
C) The gender and development model, which focuses on systems of inequality including gender, race ethnicity, class, and nation
D) The global axis dissolution model, whose platform is to dismantle the abuses of globalism

Question 11

In the U.S. economy, women hold a greater proportion of what are known as frontline jobs. What are frontline jobs?

A) Jobs in the service sector, like care and customer service jobs, that require face-to-face interaction
B) Unpaid housework and care for children and other family members
C) Federal, state, and city jobs whose salaries are mainly provided by tax dollars
D) Community service jobs, both paid and unpaid

Question 12

What are comparable worth policies?

A) Policies that require that individuals with the same job titles within an employment setting are paid the same wage, regardless of gender or race
B) Policies that require that workers in a given economy with similar credentials who perform jobs with similar difficulty and level of importance and which require similar skill sets be paid similarly.
C) Policies that employers use to establish initial pay for new employees based on the salaries they earned at their previous jobs
D) Policies that employers use to determine pay based on whether an employee is the primary breadwinner in their household and how many dependents they have

Question 13

The human capital perspective regarding the gender wage gap says that __________.

A) Women choose to invest more in unpaid household labor and childcare and less in their paid professions amounting to an unproblematic difference in average wages across genders.
B) Women face bias and discrimination in hiring, promotion, and pay.
C) A number of factors, including gender socialization, bias and discrimination, and gendered decision-making regarding family responsibilities amongst heterosexual couples lead to differences in lifetime earnings for women and men.
D) All of the above. The human capital perspective takes all of the above factors into account.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the gender pay gap in the United States?

A) Black, Asian, Hispanic, and white men earn more than their female counterparts in each racial category.
B) White women earn more than black and Hispanic men.
C) White women earn more than black and Hispanic women.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

According to conflict theorists, because emotional labor requires one to feel and perform emotions for wages, it can lead to a sense of alienation from one's species being. What does this mean?

A) They feel disconnected from what it means to be human
B) They can turn their emotions on and off at work and save their true feelings for their loved ones
C) They develop an authentic relationship with their customers and come to care about them deeply
D) They come to care about their customers more than they care about themselves or their personal relationships

Question 16

What is a family wage?

A) Where all members of a family, including children, work for wages that go towards supporting the family
B) Where all adult members of a family work for wages that go towards supporting the family
C) An arrangement where a husband/father earns the main wages for a family as the "breadwinner" and a wife/mother earns extra or non-essential wages known as "pin money"
D) A wage paid to one worker, typically a male breadwinner, which is adequate to support all other members of his family

Question 17

Today, about 10% of senior citizens in the United States live in poverty. Without income from _______, about 45% would live in poverty.

A) work
B) private pensions
C) Social Security
D) family members

Question 18

In which of the following nations do women earn average wages that are most equal to those men?

A) Norway and Sweden
B) Romania and Costa Rica
C) China and Cuba
D) Iceland and the United States

Question 19

Which of the following is the best definition of the feminization of poverty?

A) The greater likelihood of women and their children to be impoverished
B) The tendency of female-dominated jobs to be low-paying
C) The tendency of wages to stagnate or drop within a given field when women enter that field in great numbers
D) Both b. and c.

Question 20

Christine Williams observes that when men enter female-dominated fields, such as teaching and nursing, they often encounter __________.

A) an accelerated route to promotion and higher wages known as the "glass escalator"
B) a "sticky floor," or difficulty finding jobs in adjacent fields after they quit
C) barriers to promotion known as the "glass ceiling"
D) higher rates of quitting or being fired due to assumptions that they are not as good at these jobs

Question 21

Data show that when promotion is based on formal criteria (as is more likely when jobs are unionized) rather than subjective impressions of workers, women's wages tend to be _________ compared to men's.

A)) much higher
B)) much lower
C)) more equal
D)) None of the above. There is no relationship between formal promotion criteria and wage trends.