Deck 10: Geographies of Energy, Industry, and Services

Question 1

Primary economic activities include which of the following?

A) Farming
B) Fishing
C) Forestry
D) Mining
E) All of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a secondary economic activity?

A) Mining
B) Services
C) Farming
D) Forestry
E) Manufacturing

Answer 2

E

Question 3

To which category of economic activities do wholesale trade and financial services belong?

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Quaternary
E) Quinary

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Economic activities defined as knowledge-based or intellectual are known as which of the following?

A) Primary activities
B) Secondary activities
C) Tertiary activities
D) Quaternary activities
E) Quinary activities

Question 5

The making/assembling and selling of automobiles requires which level(s) of economic activity?

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 6

Who introduced the classic industrial location theory known as the least-cost theory?

A) Adam Smith
B) Alfred Weber
C) Johann Heinrich von Thünen
D) David Ricardo
E) J.S. Mill

Question 7

According to Weber's least-cost location theory, what are the main factors affecting industrial location?

A) Labour and agglomeration
B) Transportation and labour
C) Agglomeration and deglomeration
D) Transport and deglomeration
E) Both B and C

Question 8

The Rana Plaza disaster in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2013 prompted widespread condemnation of manufacturers for which of the following?

A) Ignoring hazardous factory conditions
B) Paying deeply depressed wages
C) Supressing labour activism
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 9

Why did Oxford, England, become the home of Morris, a major British automobile manufacturer?

A) Labour costs were low.
B) It was the least-cost location.
C) It was the home area of William Morris, the company's owner.
D) It was the most profitable market.
E) Agglomeration economics were maximized.

Question 10

Which of the following statements reflect behavioural approaches to location?

A) Reject the concept of the economic operator
B) Embrace the concept of satisficing behaviour
C) Centre on objective considerations
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 11

According to market-area analysis, what is the fundamental error of Weber's least-cost theory?

A) Exclusion of any consideration of raw materials
B) Assumption that industrialists seek the lowest-cost location
C) Failure to recognize that industrialists are making decisions in a climate of economic uncertainty
D) Failure to recognize that industrialists seek lowest-cost locations
E) Failure to consider that the factors affecting industrial location are always changing

Question 12

Where did the first truly industrial landscapes first emerge?

A) In Belgium
B) Inside large English cities
C) Immediately adjacent to existing large English cities
D) In Germany
E) In the coalfield areas of England

Question 13

Which of the following inventions is associated with the Industrial Revolution?

A) Spinning jenny
B) Furnace to smelt iron
C) Steam engine
D) Energy loom for weaving
E) All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT linked to the rise of factory production during the Industrial Revolution?

A) Large-scale production
B) Increased mechanization
C) Mobile labour force
D) Requirement for more capital
E) All of the above are linked to the rise of factory production.

Question 15

Cities in the states of Pennsylvania and Ohio became the early industrial leaders of the United States primarily because of which factor?

A) Efficient transportation network
B) High-quality coal sources
C) Local iron ore sources
D) Large markets
E) Strong financial services

Question 16

Coal was the leading source of energy until the 1960s, when it was replaced by which of the following energy sources?

A) Wind
B) Oil
C) Nuclear
D) Water
E) Solar

Question 17

As the nineteenth century progressed, the Ruhr region of Europe developed an unusually diverse ethnic character due to which of the following factors?

A) The demand for labour brought immigrants from all over Europe.
B) Industrial innovations attracted outside visitors.
C) The coal and iron ore deposits encouraged many industries to be set up.
D) Landscape changes generated considerable interest in the area.
E) None of the above

Question 18

Where were major iron and steel production areas located in the mid-nineteenth century?

A) London
B) The Netherlands
C) Ireland
D) South Wales
E) Norway

Question 19

Which of the following countries is now the world's largest consumer of energy?

A) The United States
B) India
C) China
D) Korea
E) Japan

Question 20

Approximately, what percentage of the world's energy today comes from renewable sources?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 21

Which of the following regions currently dominates oil production?

A) The United States
B) The Middle East
C) Indonesia
D) Latin America (Mexico and Venezuela)
E) East Africa

Question 22

As of 2016, which country has the largest proven reserves of oil?

A) Saudi Arabia
B) Canada
C) Iran
D) Iraq
E) Venezuela

Question 23

Which of the following countries are the largest producers of oil?

A) The United States and Russia
B) United Arab Emirates and Qatar
C) Russia and Saudi Arabia
D) Qatar and the United States
E) Saudi Arabia and the United States

Question 24

Which of the following countries was the largest consumer of oil in 2016?

A) The United States
B) China
C) Japan
D) India
E) Canada

Question 25

In 2016, what percentage of the world's oil consumption was by the United States?

A) About 10 per cent
B) About 20 per cent
C) About 30 per cent
D) About 40 per cent
E) About 50 per cent

Question 26

Which of the following countries currently produces the most natural gas?

A) Canada
B) Saudi Arabia
C) Venezuela
D) The United States
E) Russia

Question 27

The United States and the Russian Federation accounted for roughly what percentage of all natural gas consumption in 2016?

A) Less than 20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 28

Six countries account for more than 85 per cent of production of which of the following sources of energy?

A) Oil
B) Coal
C) Iron
D) Solar energy
E) Natural gas

Question 29

Which country has the largest proven reserves of coal?

A) The United States
B) South Africa
C) China
D) Russia
E) India

Question 30

As of 2017, which country is the largest producer and consumer of coal?

A) The United States
B) China
C) Russia
D) India
E) Ukraine

Question 31

China is the world's leading producer of which of the following?

A) Oil
B) Electronics
C) Natural gas
D) Wind energy
E) Manufactured goods

Question 32

Which of the following regions currently contributes the least to the global manufacturing system?

A) Europe
B) North America
C) East Asia
D) Central Africa
E) South Asia

Question 33

Firms in capitalist economies continue to make location decisions based on which of the following?

A) Production technology
B) Markets
C) Capital availability
D) Labour costs
E) All of the above

Question 34

The five principal global centres of industrial activity account for approximately what percentage of global industrial production?

A) 0-20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 35

Prior to the political upheaval in the late 1980s and early 1990s, industrial location and production in the former USSR were determined primarily by which of the following?

A) A distinctive industrial structure
B) Emphasis on technical education
C) Central planning agencies
D) High productivity
E) Low labour costs

Question 36

Foreign industrial investments from which country were largely responsible for the emergence of Canada's branch-plant economy pre-World War II?

A) Great Britain
B) The United States
C) Mexico
D) France
E) Japan

Question 37

Canada's primary sector is dispersed throughout the country, while its secondary sector is concentrated in which region?

A) Southern Ontario
B) Southern Quebec
C) Southern Manitoba
D) Southern Saskatchewan
E) Both A and B

Question 38

In the former USSR, how many of the five industrial areas are located in Russia?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

Question 39

The development of Japan as an industrial power began with the end of feudalism when Japan established cultural contact with Europe and North America beginning in which of the following periods?

A) Early 1800s
B) Mid 1800s
C) Late 1800s
D) Early 1900s
E) Mid 1900s

Question 40

Export-processing zones are industrial areas that attract foreign investors by doing which of the following?

A) Exporting financial and legal services
B) Exporting raw materials
C) Importing raw materials and exporting finished products
D) Importing products and services
E) All of the above

Question 41

South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan have attracted transnational corporations through which of the following methods?

A) Using buildings that are more energy efficient
B) Providing higher workplace health and safety standards
C) Setting up export-processing zones
D) Improving working conditions
E) Ratifying free-trade agreements

Question 42

What is the principal factor underlying Japan's remarkable industrial success?

A) Emphasis on technical education
B) Distinct industrial structure
C) Low labour costs
D) High productivity
E) All of the above

Question 43

Which of the following regions has the largest number of export-processing zones?

A) Central America
B) North Africa
C) Asia
D) Europe
E) South America

Question 44

Silicon chips used in computers and all sorts of other contemporary forms of technology are manufactured in the United States and then transferred to which country for assembly into a final product?

A) Mexico
B) The Philippines
C) China
D) Taiwan
E) Chile

Question 45

Maquiladoras are export-processing zones located in which country?

A) Argentina
B) Spain
C) Brazil
D) Guatemala
E) Mexico

Question 46

In the early 1800s, China produced about one-third of total world output (i.e. GDP). What percentage did China produce in 1950?

A) Less than 20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 61-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 47

Which of the following has played a major role in the recent expansion of Chinese industrial activity?

A) Collective consumption
B) Foreign investments
C) Growing markets
D) Effective industrial locations
E) Economic zones

Question 48

Where is the most dynamic industrial region in the world today?

A) Japan
B) Western Russia
C) Silicon Valley in California
D) The Pearl River Delta region of China
E) South Korea

Question 49

Currently, how does China's economy rank in the world in terms of GDP?

A) Second largest
B) Third largest
C) Fourth largest
D) Fifth largest
E) Sixth largest

Question 50

Which of the following countries is the largest garment exporter in the world?

A) The United States
B) Vietnam
C) India
D) Korea
E) China

Question 51

Today, China's three most important trading partners are the EU, Japan, and which of the following?

A) Britain
B) France
C) The United States
D) Australia
E) Canada

Question 52

Which of the following countries manufactures about 50 per cent of the world's shoes?

A) India
B) China
C) Mexico
D) Taiwan
E) Singapore

Question 53

Which historical figure famously stated: "Let China sleep, for when she awakes, she will shake the world"?

A) Napoleon
B) Marx
C) Churchill
D) Weber
E) Mackinder

Question 54

In 2016, where did India rank in the world in terms of GDP?

A) First
B) Third
C) Fifth
D) Seventh
E) Tenth

Question 55

A vibrant software and information technology industry is a well-known feature of which of the following countries?

A) China
B) India
C) Mexico
D) Bangladesh
E) Japan

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a circulation technology that facilitates the exchange of information and increases market size?

A) Satellites
B) Cellular technology
C) Fibre optic networks
D) Electronic assembly lines
E) Both A and C

Question 57

What was one important outcome of the recession of the early 1970s in the more developed world?

A) Industrial restructuring
B) Collective consumption
C) Economic accumulation
D) Globalization
E) Communication technologies

Question 58

Which of the following were among the first transnational corporations to be established between the 1950s and 1960s?

A) Nestlé and Ford
B) Imperial Chemicals
C) Ford and Coca-Cola
D) Morris and Ford
E) Both A and B

Question 59

Development of new industrial activity in a region that has earlier experienced substantial loss of traditional industrial activity is known as which of the following?

A) Deindustrialization
B) Urbanization
C) Industrialization
D) Flexible accumulation
E) Reindustrialization

Question 60

Information exchange introduced two possible patterns of industrial location, one of which is decentralization. When would this likely occur?

A) When person-to-person information exchange is imperative
B) When there is concern over ambiguities in the exchange of information
C) When long-distance electronic information exchange is feasible
D) When the information is lacking in clarity
E) All of the above

Question 61

Deindustrialization is most evident in which of the following areas?

A) Areas of light manufacturing
B) Export processing zones
C) The Pacific Rim countries
D) Older industrial areas
E) The less developed world

Question 62

Some geographers contend that the emerging post-industrial society in the more developed world is increasingly oriented to what types of economic activity?

A) Supply-oriented
B) Service-oriented
C) Industry-oriented
D) Market-oriented
E) Consumption-oriented

Question 63

In the late twentieth century, the United Kingdom experienced a drop in the percentage of workers employed in manufacturing from about 40 per cent to which of the following?

A) Less than 5 per cent
B) 5-10 per cent
C) 11-15 per cent
D) 16-20 per cent
E) 21-25 per cent

Question 64

Insurance and real estate are part of which industry?

A) Technology industry
B) Service industry
C) Manufacturing industry
D) Industrial industry
E) Primary industry

Question 65

Geographic attempts to explain the location of service industries have focused primarily on which of the following?

A) Least-cost theory
B) Market-area analysis
C) Locational interdependence
D) Behavioural approaches
E) Central place theory

Question 66

The world labour force in agriculture was approximately 60 per cent in 1960, and is projected to decline to about what level in 2020?

A) Less than 10 per cent
B) 10-19 per cent
C) 20-29 per cent
D) 30-39 per cent
E) 40-49 per cent

Question 67

In 1960, the percentage of the world labour force employed in services was approximately 20 per cent and today it has increased to what percentage today?

A) Less than 20 per cent
B) 21-40 per cent
C) 41-60 per cent
D) 51-80 per cent
E) 81-100 per cent

Question 68

Since the location of service industries is people-centred, these industries have a tendency towards which of the following?

A) Agglomeration
B) Deregulation
C) Deglomeration
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 69

The outsourcing of work to another country is known as which of the following?

A) Offshoring
B) Front-office activity
C) Outsourcing
D) Back-office activity
E) Primary activity

Question 70

Today, what are the two most prominent locations for offshoring of service employment?

A) The Philippines and Taiwan
B) India and the Philippines
C) China and Japan
D) Taiwan and China
E) India and Taiwan

Question 71

Which of the following companies are re-shoring some of their production?

A) Joe Fresh
B) Apple
C) Nike
D) Adidas
E) None of the above

Question 72

In Canada, how did female participation rates in the labour force change between 1951 and 1981?

A) Increased by 65 per cent
B) Increased by 25 per cent
C) Tripled
D) More than doubled
E) Remained largely unchanged

Question 73

Which of the following is a characteristic of a post-Fordist economic market?

A) Relatively self-contained labour markets
B) Wages set by collective bargaining
C) Flexible, specialized mass production
D) Highly formalized and confrontational labour relations
E) Income inequalities stable or falling

Question 74

Which of the following is a characteristic of a Fordist labour market?

A) Wages set by collective bargaining
B) Abandonment of full employment policies
C) Flexible production
D) Just-in-time manufacturing delivery methods
E) Most workers employed in services

Question 75

Which theory argues that growth does NOT occur everywhere at the same time, but rather that it manifests itself in points of growth?

A) Growth poles
B) Core and periphery
C) Post-Fordism
D) Fordism
E) Staples

Question 76

Tertiary economic activities involve converting primary products into other items of greater value.

Question 77

Government services are paid for by the government, and include education, health care, policing, fire protection, the military, and the various other government services.

Question 78

The three main types of economic activity are absolute.

Question 79

Transnational corporations are those that operate in more than one country.

Question 80

The two important factors assessed in Weber's transport costs are market and the weight of the cargo.