Deck 17: Sexual Assault and Harassment

Question 1

Tim keeps posting obscene remarks on Anita's Facebook page. He has repeatedly asked her out and she has said no each time. Once at a club he danced so close to her that she decided to leave. What is the most appropriate term for Tim's behaviour?

A) Sexual assault
B) Sexual harassment
C) Teasing
D) Stalking

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Terry goes to clubs where he knows Uma will be. Once or twice they've chatted at the bar. Terry is hoping one of these days he can start a relationship with her. What type of behaviour is Terry exhibiting?

A) Stalking
B) Sexual harassment
C) Harassment
D) Harmless pursuit

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is one way in which the terms "sexual assault" and "rape" differ?

A) "Sexual assault" includes all unwanted sexual acts including sexual intercourse, whereas "rape" refers only to unwanted sexual intercourse.
B) "Sexual assault" can occur even when both parties consent to the activity however "rape" is defined as sexual intercourse in the absence of consent.
C) "Sexual assault" includes all unwanted sexual acts excluding sexual intercourse, whereas "rape" refers only to unwanted sexual intercourse.
D) "Sexual assault" can be committed by anyone on anyone but only women can be victims of "rape."

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How does the DSM-5 classify people who commit rape?

A) Most people who commit rape meet the DSM-5 criteria for "frotteurism disorder" or "sexual sadism disorder."
B) There are no diagnoses in the DSM-5 that have rape as a criterion.
C) Most people who commit rape do not meet the criteria for any diagnosis on the DSM-5.
D) Most people who commit rape meet the DSM-5 criteria for sexual sadism disorder.

Question 5

What diagnoses do most therapists choose when they must give a DSM-5 diagnosis to a person who has committed rape?

A) Sexual sadism disorder
B) Antisocial personality disorder
C) Paraphilia not otherwise specified
D) Frotteurism

Question 6

Which term refers to the range of non-consensual sexual experiences, including unwanted touching; oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse; and sexual violence?

A) Sexual assault
B) Sexual harassment
C) Stalking
D) Rape

Question 7

Which term refers to any unwanted sex-related behaviours that are considered by the recipient to be offensive, threatening, or demeaning?

A) Rape
B) Sexual harassment
C) Stalking
D) Sexual assault

Question 8

Which term refers to harassing behaviour such as repeatedly following, intimidating, or tracking another person against their will?

A) Stalking
B) Sexual harassment
C) Sexual assault
D) Rape

Question 9

Prior to 1983, which of the following was NOT consistent with rape laws in Canada?

A) A person's prior sexual activities could be used as evidence of consent.
B) Rape could only occur outside of marriage.
C) Rape was limited to forced heterosexual intercourse.
D) Anyone could be a victim of rape.

Question 10

Under the current criminal code of Canada, which of the following is NOT a category of sexual assault?

A) Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm
B) Aggravated sexual assault
C) Intermediary sexual assault
D) Sexual assault

Question 11

A number of studies examining the International Classification of Diseases' psychiatric diagnoses of individuals who have been incarcerated for sexual crimes have found high rates of __________.

A) pedophilia
B) substance-use disorders
C) sexual preference disorders
D) courtship disorders

Question 12

Prior to 1983, which of the following acts would NOT have met the legal definition of rape?

A) A man having non-consensual anal intercourse with another man
B) A man having non-consensual sexual intercourse with a child
C) A husband having non-consensual sexual intercourse with his wife
D) A man having non-consensual sexual intercourse with a woman

Question 13

Current Canadian law classifies rape under which specific category of offense?

A) Rape
B) Sexual assault
C) Sexual offenses
D) Assault

Question 14

According to the Canadian Criminal Code, which of the following is the most serious offense?

A) Rape
B) Sexual assault with a weapon
C) Aggravated sexual assault
D) Sexual assault

Question 15

On Saturday night Alana said it was okay for Paolo to have sex with her but on Monday Alana claimed she did not give consent to the sex she had with Paolo on Saturday. According to Canadian law, Alana may not have given consent under which of these circumstances?

A) Alana was drunk on Saturday night.
B) Alana was 16 years old and Paolo was 19 years old
C) Alana was 15 years old and Paolo was 17 years old.
D) Alana was 12 years old and Paolo was 14 years old.

Question 16

What is the formal legal age of consent for penile-vaginal intercourse in Canada?

A) 14
B) 15
C) 16
D) 17

Question 17

In which of these situations would the "close-in-age" exception apply to the laws regarding legal age of consent for sexual activity?

A) When Lacey, who is 13, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Peter who is 12
B) When Tricia, who is 18, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Kirk, who is 20
C) When Jada, who is 15, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Micah, who is 21
D) When Hannah, who is 13, has consensual vaginal intercourse with José, who is a 15-year-old supervisor at the summer camp she attends

Question 18

What is the legal age of consent for anal intercourse in Canada?

A) 15
B) 16
C) 17
D) 18

Question 19

Aside from "close-in-age" and other specific exemptions, at what age can someone generally give consent for sexual intercourse?

A) 17
B) 15
C) 14
D) 16

Question 20

In order to obtain estimates based on the percentage of surveyed individuals who report having participated in or experienced a certain condition in a given period of time, researchers surveyed individuals who report having been sexually assaulted or having sexually assaulted someone at least once. What are they attempting to estimate?

A) Validity of measure
B) Prevalence
C) Self-report reliability
D) Incidence

Question 21

In a random sample of 2000 children aged 10 to 16 years, Boney-McCoy and Finkelhor (1995) found that 7.6 per cent had been sexually victimized during the previous year. What estimate has been documented in this research?

A) Validity of measure
B) Self-report reliability
C) Prevalence
D) Incidence

Question 22

A nationally representative survey found that sexual assault victimization rates were approximately how many times higher for females than for males.

A) Three
B) Five
C) Eight
D) Ten

Question 23

Why do incidence estimates, which are based on official records, likely underestimate the number of sexual assaults and the percentage of the population who experience unwanted sexual contact?

A) Sexual assault is generally overestimated in population studies.
B) The actual number of perpetrators taken into custody is an accurate reflection of the number of sexual assaults taking place.
C) Many sex crimes go unreported to authorities.
D) Most measures of sexual assault are not reliable.

Question 24

What percentage of Canadian female university students reported that a male attempted to use emotional manipulation to get them to engage in sexual activity at some point in their past?

A) 30 per cent
B) 45 per cent
C) 70 per cent
D) 60 per cent

Question 25

What percentage of Canadian male university students admitted to having had sex with a non-consensual partner?

A) 10 to 27 per cent
B) 15 to 37 per cent
C) 25 to 57 per cent
D) 30 to 67 per cent

Question 26

Incidence rates for sexual assault are likely inaccurate for which of the following reasons?

A) People underreport sexual assaults.
B) Incidents that are reported as sexual assaults but not proven to be cases of sexual assault are included in the estimate.
C) Sexual assault is over reported because it is a tactic for justifying obtaining the morning-after pill in cases where sexual activity was in fact consensual.
D) Sexual assault is not differentiated from physical assault in reports of assault filed with the Canadian government.

Question 27

Which is true about how sex traffickers view Canada?

A) Canada is an appealing destination because there are no laws against sex trafficking for people over the age of 14.
B) Canada is an appealing destination because of low minimum sentences for sex trafficking.
C) Canada is an unappealing destination because of the low maximum sentences for sex trafficking.
D) Canada is an unappealing destination because of high minimum sentences for sex trafficking.

Question 28

According to rape trauma syndrome, which of the following would be a common action of someone in the acute phase?

A) Moving to a different city
B) Moving past the experience emotionally
C) Excusing the perpetrator
D) Changing jobs

Question 29

Which of the following women is likely in the reorganization phase following a sexual assault?

A) Aisling, who is experiencing extreme anxiety
B) Danica, who has decided to move to another city
C) Stefanie, who is experiencing confusion and shock
D) Blair, who is blaming herself for the attack

Question 30

Approximately what percentage of sexual assault victims have persistent emotional difficulties more than five years after the assault?

A) 10 per cent
B) 25 per cent
C) 33 per cent
D) 66 per cent

Question 31

Although research has demonstrated that the majority of victims recover from the trauma of sexual assault within five years, nearly one third of victims have substantial difficulty that persists years beyond the acute aftermath of the incident. A significant number develop an anxiety disorder that involves persistent and chronic psychological symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, hyperarousal, and anxiety. What is this condition known as?

A) Post-traumatic stress disorder
B) Rape trauma syndrome
C) Depression
D) Anxiety disorder

Question 32

Katrina was the victim of a rape incident during her first year of university. She graduated over three years ago. She still has nightmares about the incident and often lies awake at night. Which of the following does Katrina suffer from?

A) Rape trauma syndrome, reorganization phase
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder
C) Rape trauma syndrome, acute phase
D) None of the above

Question 33

Several of your classmates and you get into a discussion about the long-term effects of sexual assault. One of your classmates asks you about the possibility of any positive outcomes, or post-traumatic growth, that could come out of a victim's response to rape. For example, a victim may choose to spend more time with loved ones after the assault. What could you say to counter this argument?

A) Perceived positive changes could just be a defensive illusion.
B) These positive changes may not be significant compared to the harm caused by the assault.
C) The victim may see-saw back and forth between distress and positive growth.
D) Any of the above

Question 34

Your best friend has confided in you that she just found out her sister was the victim of sexual abuse from her boyfriend of a year. Your friend feels guilty that she didn't recognize the signs beforehand so that she could help her sister get out of the relationship sooner, and she blames herself. What advice can you give your friend?

A) Your friend is right to feel guilty, but there's nothing she can do about it now.
B) Your friend should talk to a professional.
C) It's important that your friend's sister can heal without the extra distress of her family members feeling sorry for her or guilty that they didn't act sooner, so she shouldn't talk to her sister about how she is feeling.
D) It's important that your friend's sister can get emotional support from your friend, so they should be open about the guilt your friend is feeling.

Question 35

The most common treatment for survivors of sexual assault seeking professional help is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Which of the following is a component of CBT?

A) Cognitive processing therapy (CPT)
B) Prolonged exposure (PE)
C) Stress inoculation training (SIT)
D) All of the above

Question 36

Which exposure-based treatment for sexual assault involves psychotherapy to alleviate trauma-related symptoms and associated distressing memories through exposure to stimuli of traumatic events while simultaneously focusing on dual attention stimulus (e.g., hand-tapping)?

A) Cognitive processing
B) Eye movement desensitization and processing
C) Repeat exposure
D) Muscle relaxation

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a likely method of treatment for sexual assault victims?

A) Cognitive processing therapy
B) Physical therapy
C) Stress inoculation training
D) Prolonged exposure

Question 38

Which of the following is often characterized by insomnia, depression, flashbacks, and nightmares?

A) Post-traumatic growth
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder
C) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
D) Paraphilic disorder

Question 39

Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves identifying a hierarchy of individually feared stimuli associated with assault (e.g., the dark, strangers)?

A) Stress inoculation training
B) Prolonged exposure
C) Cognitive processing therapy
D) Flooding

Question 40

Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves having the victim imagine themselves experiencing the assault again while they repeatedly retell the story of what happened?

A) Stress inoculation training
B) Flooding
C) Prolonged exposure
D) Cognitive processing therapy

Question 41

Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves having the victim use a journal to record feelings and then discuss those writings during therapy sessions?

A) Flooding
B) Prolonged exposure
C) Cognitive processing therapy
D) Stress inoculation training

Question 42

Which of the following is both a socio-cultural and a situational factor that can lead to the occurrence of a sexual assault?

A) Alcohol
B) Location
C) Gender
D) Religion

Question 43

Which of the following is an interpersonal contextual factor that can lead to the occurrence of a sexual assault?

A) Religion
B) Alcohol
C) Personality
D) Gender

Question 44

Which of the following people are most likely to be sexually assaulted?

A) Afshan, a young woman who immigrated to Canada from Afghanistan and is in an arranged marriage.
B) Polly, a university student studying late at night with her classmate
C) Tina, a teenage girl who lives alone with her male legal guardian
D) Karolina, a young adult walking home alone at night in a secluded area of town

Question 45

You've just found out that one of your friends has been sexually assaulted when walking home alone at night on campus from one of the local bars. In tears, she tells you she blames herself for wearing such a short skirt and a crop top. What can you tell your friend?

A) While some sexual assaults may take place because of the way the victim is dressed, she can't know for sure if her short skirt was the reason she was singled out.
B) She should never wear a short skirt again.
C) Women are sexually assaulted while wearing all types of clothing, and wearing a short skirt was not the reason she was assaulted.
D) None of the above

Question 46

You are a female undergraduate student living on campus. You've just signed up to take a course you are really looking forward to, but it's available only in the evenings, which means you won't finish until after 10 pm. Your mom keeps bringing up how concerned she is about you walking home alone at night. What can you tell her to make her feel better?

A) You will make sure to dress unattractively in baggy clothing, so you won't get assaulted.
B) A large percentage of sexual assaults and attempted sexual assaults are committed by classmates, so you won't get close to anyone else in your class.
C) Most sexual assaults do not occur outdoors in public, and most are not committed by strangers.
D) None of the above

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a rape myth?

A) Women cause men to sexually assault them by the way they look or dress.
B) Women seldom make false reports of sexual assault.
C) Offenders can be identified based on their demographic characteristics (race, class, etc.).
D) It is not sexual assault if both people are drunk.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a rape myth?

A) You cannot tell a rapist by the way they look.
B) Sexual assault is simply an impulsive act of sexual gratification.
C) Sexual assault usually occurs outside and at night.
D) Sexual assault is usually perpetrated by a stranger.

Question 49

Which of the following IS a rape myth?

A) A person cannot be sexually assaulted by their spouse.
B) Women often make false reports of sexual assault.
C) If a survivor of sexual assault did not fight back, they were not really assaulted.
D) All of the above

Question 50

Which form of sexual assault is most likely to remain legal in some countries?

A) Stranger rape
B) Spousal rape
C) Trafficking
D) Sexual assault with a weapon

Question 51

Situational characteristics can play a role in sexual assault. Which of the following is NOT a place where sexual assaults are more likely to occur?

A) House parties
B) Places where victims are known to the perpetrator
C) A dark alley
D) Places where drugs and alcohol are present

Question 52

Which dynamic risk factor may develop from beliefs that women are devious, an inability to understand women's facial affective cues, or a lack of empathy?

A) Psychopathy
B) Limited sexual self-regulation
C) Offence-supportive social influences
D) Intimacy deficits

Question 53

What condition promotes sexual assault in which offenders associate with people who are supportive of their behaviour in various ways? For example, these people may demonstrate antisocial attitudes, reinforce negative beliefs about women, or commit sexual offences with the offender.

A) Young male syndrome
B) Psychopathy
C) Offence-supportive social influences
D) Competitive disadvantage

Question 54

Which of the following people exhibits individual risk factors for sexual offending?

A) Henry, a male from a low-income background who was abused as a child and and has a general lack of empathy for others.
B) Tyreed, a male from a low-income background who lives with an older brother that has been accused of sexual assault more than once.
C) Chris, a male from a middle-income family whose father often says women are devious creatures.
D) All of the above

Question 55

Based on a synthesis of the forensic psychological literature on individual differences, which of the following is NOT a main route for sexual offending?

A) Psychopathy
B) Young male syndrome
C) Competitive disadvantage
D) Over-protective parent syndrome

Question 56

Galen sexually assaulted Jessica while they were at a party and Jessica reported the assault to police. Galen is 18 years old and his parents, who are both doctors, were shocked when they learned of Galen's arrest. Galen had a normal childhood, according to his parents, and got along well with his peers, including many close female friends. Which route to sexual offending best describes Galen's situation?

A) Psychopathy
B) Competitive disadvantage
C) Victim precipitation theory
D) Young male syndrome

Question 57

Which route to sexual offending results in the offender feeling the least amount of guilt or responsibility for their action?

A) Competitive disadvantage
B) Psychopathy
C) The influence of drugs or alcohol
D) Young male syndrome

Question 58

Richard was born with mild cognitive impairment and lived in foster homes most of his life. At puberty, Richard developed a sexual interest in younger boys and was caught possessing child pornography when he was 12 years old. Richard is now 20 years old and recently committed a sexual assault against a 10-year-old boy he met in a park. Which of the following best explains Richard's route to offend?

A) Young male syndrome
B) Competitive disadvantage
C) Sexual sadism
D) Psychopathy

Question 59

Eli was convicted of attempted sexual assault when he was in high school. He worked with a therapist and now holds a steady job and is married. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?

A) Young male syndrome
B) Psychopathy
C) Competitive disadvantage
D) None of the above

Question 60

Jon committed a sexual assault. His parents died when he was a child and he grew up in a number of foster homes, some of which were abusive. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?

A) Psychopathy
B) Young male syndrome
C) Competitive disadvantage
D) None of the above

Question 61

Carter was convicted of sexual assault. He has a wife and children, and he grew up in a stable, middle-income family. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?

A) Competitive disadvantage
B) Young male syndrome
C) Psychopathy
D) None of the above

Question 62

Gaius was convicted of attempted sexual assault with a minor. He grew up in a single-parent home. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?

A) Competitive disadvantage
B) Psychopathy
C) Young male syndrome
D) None of the above

Question 63

Which of the following behaviours has NOT been shown to help stop a sexual assault?

A) Crying
B) Screaming
C) Biting
D) Using physical force

Question 64

You and some of the classmates from your human sexuality class decide to get dinner one day after class. One of your classmates starts a heated discussion in favour of victim precipitation theory. Which of the following points could you add to the conversation?

A) Actually, there are some correlates of revictimization, such as insecurity about relationships with men.
B) Most demographic variables are not significantly associated with sexual assault.
C) It's not a strong theory, especially as it is faulted for shifting blame from the perpetrator to the victim!
D) All of the above

Question 65

You are a young woman who works late and has to walk home alone late at night in a secluded part of town. You often think about what you would do if someone attacked and tried to sexually assault you. Which of the following would be your best defense?

A) Screaming, yelling, biting, scratching, or hitting the perpetrator
B) Crying and pleading with the attacker
C) Trying to flee or struggle
D) Both A and C

Question 66

Your college roommate comes into your room in tears. She tells you that her ex-boyfriend has just sexually assaulted her. What should you do first?

A) Tell her that it is not her fault that she was assaulted and she is in no way to blame.
B) Ask her if she needs any medical care, and if so, help her to obtain it.
C) Encourage her to report the assault to the police immediately.
D) Tell her you are there for her and will help her with whatever she needs.

Question 67

How soon following a sexual assault does medication need to be taken in order to effectively prevent HIV/AIDS?

A) Within 12 hours
B) Within 24 hours
C) Within 48 hours
D) Within 72 hours

Question 68

What is the median sentence given to someone convicted of sexual assault in Canada?

A) 360 days
B) 14 months
C) 3 years
D) 5 years

Question 69

According to Statistics Canada, which of the following is true about the median amount of jail time given for someone who is convicted of sexual assault compared to the amount of jail time given for a typical robbery?

A) It is the same as the median amount of jail time given for robbery.
B) It is eight days longer than the median amount of jail time for robbery.
C) It is two years shorter than the median sentence for robbery.
D) It is six months shorter than the median sentence for robbery.

Question 70

Which of the following is true about people who are convicted of sexual assault?

A) They are at lower risk for recidivism than other offenders.
B) They are at the same risk for recidivism as other offenders.
C) They are at higher risk for recidivism than other offenders
D) They have the highest recidivism rate of all offender types.

Question 71

Men who experience sexual assault victimization are more likely to report __________.

A) low life satisfaction
B) poor physical health
C) infrequent emotional or social support
D) All of the above

Question 72

As a result of low reported prevalence, there is limited research on males who are sexually victimized. Most of the research that has been conducted has focused on what subgroups of the male population?

A) Homeless youth
B) Men in prison
C) Men who have sex with men
D) All of the above

Question 73

Which of the following is true of sexual victimization of men?

A) A male victim of sexual assault will have experienced different effects than a female victim of sexual assault.
B) A male victim of sexual assault is less likely to have been physically held down or physically threatened than a female victim of sexual assault.
C) A male victim of sexual assault is more likely to be in a homosexual relationship than a female victim of sexual assault.
D) None of the above are true.

Question 74

Child sexual abuse has been linked to a number of problems not only immediately following an experience but also years later. Which of the following is associated with childhood sexual abuse?

A) Post-traumatic stress disorder
B) Depression and anxiety
C) Interpersonal problems in adulthood
D) All of the above

Question 75

Sashi was recently promoted at work. To celebrate her promotion, her boss took her out for dinner. While at the dinner, he stated that she could return the favour of her promotion and put his hand on her leg. What type of sexual harassment is this?

A) Quid pro quo
B) Psychological
C) Hostile work environment
D) Derogatory manipulation

Question 76

Kaden thought he was being funny by repeatedly making advances towards a co-worker named Brittany. He would ask her out most days and pretend he was completely in love with her. What he did not realize was that all this attention made Brittany very uncomfortable. Though he may think his actions are innocuous, what type of sexual harassment is he actually engaging in?

A) Derogatory manipulation
B) Psychological abuse
C) Hostile work environment
D) Quid pro quo

Question 77

Which of the following individuals is most at risk of being sexually harassed in the workplace?

A) Golshan, a young female in a wheelchair working in a low-paying office job
B) Fateema, an immigrant working as a waitress and being paid under-the-table
C) Riza, a Muslim male working in a company with individuals that are predominantly Christian or Jewish
D) All of the individuals above are at increased risk of being sexually harassed in the workplace.

Question 78

You've been at your job for about a year, and have asked to switch to another department within the company that you think would be a better fit for you. Then one of the managers from that department offers to buy you a coffee so that you can discuss the move. You accept, but it soon becomes clear that the manager wants a sexual favour in exchange for moving you to the new department. What should you do?

A) Refuse the manager's proposition, but don't report the incident in hopes that it will not affect your chances.
B) Agree to the manager's proposition; you really want to move your career forward.
C) Talk directly to the manager about why his proposition is inappropriate and how it makes you feel.
D) Seek out the human resources department and let them handle investigating the complaint.

Question 79

You are a female university student studying engineering, and you happen to be the only female in your tutorial for an engineering class. The teaching assistant has made some inappropriate sexual comments during one of your tutorials. What should you do?

A) Report the incident to the appropriate authorities at your university.
B) Use social media to out the teaching assistant to other students that may potentially take a class with the same teaching assistant in the future.
C) Talk to the teaching assistant; they may not realize that what they said was inappropriate.
D) Nothing; the teaching assistant grades all your papers and you wouldn't want to risk getting a lower mark.

Question 80

Which theory is based largely on feminist perspectives and suggests that gender inequality and sexism in society leads to sexual harassment?

A) Socio-cultural theory
B) Sex-role spillover theory
C) Natural/biological theory
D) Organizational theory