Deck 9: Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness

Question 1

_________ is an involuntary complex response that occurs outside of conscious awareness.

A) A complex reflex
B) A schema
C) A motor script
D) An automatism

Answer 1

D

Question 2

________ include behaviors such as talking, walking, and eating during sleep.

A) Parasomnias
B) Motor scripts
C) Schemas
D) Complex reflexes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sleep is a __________ state of the brain.

A) passive
B) learned
C) active
D) simple

Answer 3

C

Question 4

________ occurs when one's eyes move back and forth during sleep and their brain wave activity appears like that of the waking state.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2 sleep
C) Slow wave sleep (SWS)
D) Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 5

________ are responses, such as the timing of our sleep and wake cycles, with distinct daily rhythms.

A) Circadian rhythms
B) Biological clocks
C) Timing circuits
D) Circular rhythms

Question 6

________ are environmental triggers which set circadian rhythms.

A) Zeitgeists
B) Zeitgebers
C) Zeitdonors
D) Zeitgrubers

Question 7

________ are daily cycles are regulated by internal mechanisms.

A) Quotidian rhythms
B) Instincts
C) Zeitgebers
D) Free-running rhythms

Question 8

The ________ receives stimulation from light via tracts extending from the retina.

A) retinohypothalamic tracts
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C) orbitofrontal cortex
D) the amygdala

Question 9

Neural messages from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are related solely to the ________ of light in the environment.

A) detection
B) interpretation
C) avoidance
D) ignoring

Question 10

When the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is disrupted, physiological systems are __________________.

A) desynchronized
B) synchronized
C) reset
D) revitalized

Question 11

_________________ are physiological rhythms with a period shorter than 24 hours.

A) Cyclical rhythms
B) Circadian rhythms
C) Quotidian rhythms
D) Ultradian rhythms

Question 12

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ________ physiological rhythms with a period shorter than 24 hours.

A) does not appear to control
B) synchronizes
C) resets
D) orchestrates

Question 13

The hormone, _________, secreted by the pineal gland, acts as an internal zeitgeber.

A) melatonin
B) corticosterone
C) cortisol
D) insulin

Question 14

___________ appears to be a chemical trigger signaling increased blood flow in distal areas of the body, promoting heat loss and the onset of sleep.

A) Melatonin
B) Corticosterone
C) Cortisol
D) Insulin

Question 15

___________ is considered a sleep facilitator and has been investigated as a potential treatment for insomnia.

A) Insulin
B) Exercise
C) Cortisol
D) Melatonin

Question 16

Research has indicated that _______ can be used to induce phase shifts, or realignment, in circadian clocks.

A) insulin
B) exercise
C) melatonin
D) melanin

Question 17

The desynchronization of circadian rhythms resulting in difficulty going to sleep, early wakening, changes in appetite, changes in gastrointestinal functions, and daytime tiredness is termed _______.

A) insomnia
B) jet lag
C) narcolepsy
D) cataplexy

Question 18

Accidents are more likely for night shift workers when ____________.

A) distracted
B) melatonin levels are low
C) melatonin levels are high
D) cortisol level are low

Question 19

Some individuals report successfully realigning their biological rhythms by using ____________.

A) light therapy
B) opioids
C) exercise
D) alcohol

Question 20

A behavioral response seen across species that may indicate shifts in arousal is __________.

A) yawning
B) leaning
C) eye-blinking
D) coughing

Question 21

Sleep signs can be observed using a physiological recording technique known as __________.

A) electroencephalography
B) polygraphy
C) polysomnography
D) electropolygraphy

Question 22

A polysomnograph involves the combined recording of these three physiological measures: ______________.

A) EEG, EKG, EMG
B) EEG, fMRI, PET
C) EEG, EOG, EKG
D) EEG, EOG, EMG

Question 23

An ______________ assesses brain wave activity.

A) EKG
B) EEG
C) EOG
D) EMG

Question 24

An ______________ assesses eye movements.

A) EKG
B) EEG
C) EOG
D) EMG

Question 25

An ______________ assesses muscle tension.

A) EKG
B) EEG
C) EOG
D) EMG

Question 26

Beta (β) waves (13-30 Hertz), are ________.

A) fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active
B) more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains
C) low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep
D) are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 27

Alpha (α) waves (8-12 Hertz), are ________.

A) fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active
B) more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains
C) low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep
D) are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 28

Theta (θ) waves (3-7 Hertz), are ________.

A) fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active
B) more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains
C) low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep
D) are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 29

Delta (δ) waves (0.5-3 Hertz), are ________.

A) fast, irregular, low-intensity waves typical of brains that are awake and active
B) more regular or consistent in their shape found in awake, but drowsy brains
C) low-intensity sleep waves that are found in stage 1 sleep
D) are even lower-frequency sleep waves found in slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 30

Toward morning, non-REM sleep is characterized mostly by ________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) slow-wave
D) soporific

Question 31

______________ is a seasonal rhythm characterized by a large sustained drop in body temperature and minimal brain cortical EEG activity.

A) Hibernation
B) Lethargy
C) Hypersleep
D) Somnolence

Question 32

In infected hibernating animals, a rabies virus infection ______________.

A) progresses at an accelerated rate
B) progresses at its normal rate
C) hibernates as well
D) progresses at a slightly slower rate

Question 33

Wakefulness, even in the absence of sensory stimulation, can be triggered by the ______________.

A) retinohypothalamic tracts
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C) ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
D) hypothalamus

Question 34

The ___________, a cluster of serotonin-secreting neurons in the brainstem, play a role in sleep regulation.

A) pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei
B) raphe nuclei
C) basal forebrain
D) laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

Question 35

The cells of the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are primarily___________.

A) serotonergic
B) glutaminergic
C) cholinergic
D) dopaminergic

Question 36

The ___________ contribute to producing and sustaining wakefulness by maintaining the fast desynchronized β waves during the waking hours.

A) cholinergic pons/midbrain areas
B) mesolimbic dopamine pathways
C) midbrain serotonergic projections
D) brainstem GABAergic systems

Question 37

Noradrenaline inputs from the ________________ promote wakefulness by activating neurons projecting from the thalamus to the cortex.

A) locus coeruleus
B) raphe nuclei
C) pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei
D) basal forebrain

Question 38

The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is comprised of the ___________.

A) raphe nuclei
B) basal forebrain area and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
C) locus coeruleus
D) mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 39

During slow-wave sleep (SWS), neurons in the neocortex and thalamus fire in synchrony because of the decreased activation from the ___________.

A) activating brainstem areas
B) hypothalamus
C) limbic system
D) sensory environment

Question 40

___________ exhibit slow waves in only one hemisphere at a time while they are sleeping.

A) Large land mammals
B) Fish
C) Marine mammals
D) Echindas

Question 41

Neurons in the ___________ increase their activity during slow-wave sleep (SWS).

A) ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)
B) raphe nuclei
C) pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei
D) basal forebrain

Question 42

The ___________, an area involved in sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, is located in the hypothalamus.

A) raphe nuclei
B) pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei
C) basal forebrain
D) tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Question 43

___________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) along with GABA.

A) Galanin
B) Glutamine
C) Orexin
D) Histamine

Question 44

___________ may promote the onset of sleep by inhibiting the activation of cholinergic neurons in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).

A) Acetylcholine
B) Galanin
C) GABA
D) Adenosine

Question 45

Adenosine is a byproduct of ___________ metabolism.

A) acetyl Co-A
B) lipid
C) guanine
D) adenosine triphosphate

Question 46

REM sleep is characterized by suppressed muscle tone, also known as ___________.

A) atonia
B) dystonia
C) cataplexy
D) lassitude

Question 47

___________ are a specific brain wave pattern seen during REM sleep.

A) Sleep spindles
B) K-complexes
C) Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) spikes
D) Alpha waves

Question 48

The onset of REM sleep typically occurs about 30 seconds after the appearance of ___________.

A) pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) spikes
B) alpha waves
C) sleep spindles
D) k-complexes

Question 49

_______ appear in bursts of 3-10 waves, most often correlated with rapid eye movements.

A) pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) spikes
B) alpha waves
C) sleep spindles
D) k-complexes

Question 50

The ___________ proposes that a dream is a storyline synthesized to turn random brain activity while asleep into something intelligible.

A) inner narrator model of dreaming
B) homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
C) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
D) personal narrative model of sleep and dreaming

Question 51

The area below the locus coeruleus, known as the ___________, is an especially critical generator of REM.

A) subcoeruleus region
B) infracoeruleus region
C) hypocoeruleus region
D) epicoeruleus region

Question 52

The larger the lesion damage in the ___________, the lower the probability that REM sleep will be observed.

A) parabrachial nucleus
B) suprachiasmatic nucelus
C) raphe nuclei
D) subcoeruleus region

Question 53

Small lesions damaging certain portions of the ___________ in cats resulted in a loss of atonia and the cats acting out their dreams.

A) cerebellum
B) subcoeruleus region
C) suprachiasmatic nucelus
D) pedunculopontine nucleus

Question 54

Cells that are maximally active during REM sleep (as opposed to during waking and non-REM sleep) are called ___________ cells.

A) REM-on
B) REM-go
C) REM-fire
D) REM-strike

Question 55

The ___________ holds that the function of sleep is to provide rest and recovery.

A) sleep rebound theory
B) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
C) homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
D) reboot theory of sleep

Question 56

When lost sleep is made up during the next opportunity for sleep, this is referred to as the ___________.

A) sleep rebound effect
B) sleep debt repayment
C) sleep inefficiency tune-up
D) sleep reset effect

Question 57

The ___________ suggests that if sleep is necessary for normal physiological functions then lost sleep would need to be made up to regain optimal functioning.

A) sleep rebound effect
B) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
C) homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
D) sleep reset effect

Question 58

Studies suggest that no more than ________ of lost sleep is recovered following sleep deprivation.

A) 30%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 59

Short-term sleep deprivation often leads to a ___________ sleep rebound effect.

A) non-REM
B) REM
C) short-lasting
D) long-lasting

Question 60

Long-term sleep deprivation often leads to a ___________ sleep rebound effect.

A) non-REM
B) REM
C) short-lasting
D) long-lasting

Question 61

________ decreases the non-REM sleep rebound effects in humans.

A) Alcohol
B) Aging
C) Stress
D) Exercise

Question 62

________ decreases the REM sleep rebound effects in humans.

A) Alcohol
B) Aging
C) Stress
D) Exercise

Question 63

Humans secrete growth hormone, important for the maintenance of physiological functions throughout life, during ________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) slow-wave
D) REM

Question 64

While captive sloths sleep 20 hours per day, in the wild sloths sleep only ________ hours per day.

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 19

Question 65

The ________ suggests that animals evolved different sleep durations according to which helped them survive best.

A) sleep rebound theory
B) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
C) homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
D) adaptive theory of sleep

Question 66

The protection against predators that extended periods of sleep provide is termed ________.

A) adaptive inactivity
B) security through obscurity
C) proactive avoidance
D) evasiveness

Question 67

Elephants, large enough to discourage predators, but benefitting from more time to feed, sleep only 3-4 hours per day. This is consistent with the ________.

A) sleep rebound theory
B) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
C) homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
D) adaptive theory of sleep

Question 68

Prior to the advent of artificial lights, humans displayed a ________ sleep pattern compared to our current society.

A) longer
B) shorter
C) comparable
D) segmented

Question 69

When humans segment sleep into first sleep and second sleep, ________.

A) first sleep is more SWS and second sleep is more REM
B) both segments are evenly divided between SWS and REM
C) first sleep is more stage 1 and 2 and second sleep is more SWS and REM
D) first sleep is more REM and second sleep is more SWS

Question 70

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) has been shown to consistently facilitate the consolidation of memories that are associated with ________ activity.

A) striatal
B) cerebellar
C) hippocampal-independent circuit
D) hippocampal

Question 71

________ are observed in rats while learning a maze and a subsequent bout of sleeping.

A) Similar patterns of cortical and hippocampal activation
B) Unrelated patterns of cortical and hippocampal activation
C) Different but related patterns of cortical and hippocampal activation
D) Chaotic patterns of activation

Question 72

Information learned during waking is ________ in hippocampal circuits during sleep.

A) re-expressed
B) stored
C) erased
D) deposited

Question 73

The presentation of an odor cue previously associated with learning a spatial task will improve recall of that task if presented during ________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) slow-wave
D) REM

Question 74

According to the ___________, an important function of sleep is to reduce weaker synapses to provide more energy and resources for the stronger synapses.

A) activation-synthesis model of dreaming
B) homeostatic theory of sleep regulation
C) adaptive theory of sleep
D) synaptic homeostasis hypothesis

Question 75

REM sleep has been shown to facilitate the consolidation of memories of how to perform a certain action, called ________ memories.

A) declarative
B) verbal
C) nonverbal
D) procedural

Question 76

The ________ of rapid eye movements during sleep has been associated with academic forms of learning.

A) number
B) fluidity
C) intensity
D) force

Question 77

The echidna does not have REM sleep and its accompanying θ waves but it does have a ________.

A) poor memory
B) third amygdala
C) very large prefrontal cortex
D) more extensive slow-wave sleep

Question 78

Despite their effect of reducing REM sleep, users of ________, do not exhibit cognitive side effects of REM sleep loss.

A) antidepressants
B) antihistamines
C) stimulants
D) alcohol

Question 79

Sleep, rather than wakefulness, may be the optimal brain context for ________.

A) insight
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) motor

Question 80

________ have been found to be less effective in individuals who have an interrupted night of sleep.

A) Antidepressants
B) Vaccines
C) Analgesics
D) Stimulants