Deck 10: Environmental Issues

Question 1

The term "global commons" refers to _______ all members of _______.

A) resources shared by; the international community
B) the property of; a region
C) the minerals of; the UNHCR
D) the fisheries of; an ocean

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following was an internationally agreed-upon compendium of environmental "best practice" that was regarded as a failure, but has subsequently had a wide impact and remains a point of reference?

A) Principle 21
B) United Nations Environment Programme
C) Agenda 21
D) Montreal Protocol

Answer 2

C

Question 3

_______ has stimulated the relocation of industry to the Global South, caused urbanization as people move away from rural areas, and contributed to ever-rising levels of consumption, along with associated emissions of effluents and waste gases.

A) The international environmental regime
B) Environmentalism
C) Globalization
D) Trade protectionism

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A _______ signals concern and establishes mechanisms for developing and sharing new scientific data related to a specific issue.

A) framework convention
B) protocol
C) summit
D) conference

Question 5

The Kyoto Protocol was established for _______ to set binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

A) Japan
B) thirty-seven industrialized countries and the European community
C) the Global South
D) the US, Russia, and China

Question 6

The term "sustainable development" was introduced to the public through the

A) Brundtland Commission in 1987.
B) Montreal Protocol in 1987.
C) Kyoto Protocol in 1997.
D) Stockholm Conference in 1972.

Question 7

Recognition of the importance of globalization and of the dire state of the African continent came about during the

A) Cancun Agreements.
B) Paris Accords.
C) World Summit on Sustainable Development.
D) Kyoto Protocol.

Question 8

The model used to explain why communities may over-exploit shared environmental resources even when they know that it may be against their long-term interests is known as

A) slash-and-burn agriculture.
B) privatization.
C) the "tragedy of the commons."
D) "exploit and move on."

Question 9

What term is used to describe a type of epistemic community that is focused on producing knowledge related to climate change?

A) Collective environmental governance organization
B) Environmental regime
C) Climate change union
D) Global commons regulatory body

Question 10

The Montreal Protocol (1987) was established to deal with the overuse of

A) fossil fuels.
B) nuclear power.
C) strip mining.
D) chlorofluorocarbons.

Question 11

When was the emergence of international consensus that climate change was occurring?

A) 1970s
B) 1980s
C) 1990s
D) It has not emerged yet

Question 12

Greenhouse gases emissions have risen in part because

A) the Montreal Protocol failed to rein in the harmful effects of CFCs.
B) the use of hydroelectric power increased substantially.
C) of the proliferation of greenhouses in the Global North.
D) agriculture has stimulated increased methane production.

Question 13

Addressing the concerns of those who are disproportionately affected by climate change is

A) redistribution of resources.
B) climate action.
C) environmental justice.
D) global intervention.

Question 14

What state pulled out of the Paris Agreement, thereby undermining its legitimacy?

A) Canada
B) China
C) The United States
D) The European Union

Question 15

Where is the Global Seed Vault is located?

A) Svalbard Island
B) Greenland
C) Jan Mayen Island
D) Iceland

Question 16

Who brought together the conservationist and antipollution agendas by writing about the damage inflicted on bird life by industrial pesticides?

A) Rachel Carson
B) Dow Monsanto
C) Elon Huntington Hooker
D) Greenpeace

Question 17

If environmental and social damage associated with production of a good is properly factored into its market price, some economists argue that markets can

A) increase efficiency by overcharging for environmental and social damage.
B) decrease pollution by decreasing efficiency.
C) increase efficiency and reduce pollution.
D) allocate scarce resources.

Question 18

The history of environmental cooperation demonstrates that _______ and/or _______ action is necessary.

A) little; no
B) local; regional
C) specific; local
D) regional; little

Question 19

What did early international environmental concerns prior to globalization focus on?

A) Acid rain
B) Conservation of natural resources
C) Climate change
D) Domestic industrial pollution

Question 20

What case(s) asserted the legal principle that countries are liable for damage that their citizens cause in another country?

A) Hoover v Canada
B) Test Cases: New Zealand v France
C) Trail Smelter
D) US v Hooker Chemicals

Question 21

While the nineteenth century fur seal conventions sought to _______, the International Whaling Convention _______.

A) stop all activity; puts no limits at all on the killing of Cetaceans
B) to continue an industry by limiting catch size; tried to conserve great whale species by instituting a global moratorium
C) restrict third-party access to a common resource; is open to all states
D) establish procedures for killing seals humanely; created standards of behavior that all states party to the agreement enforce

Question 22

What 1960s book highlighted the damage inflicted upon avian species by industrial pesticides like DDT?

A) Silent Spring
B) Today the Spring is Silent
C) The Missing Birds
D) The Silent Frogs

Question 23

Creation of some of the first environmental NGOs, such as Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature, was an almost exclusively a _______ phenomenon.

A) developing world
B) Pacific regional
C) Japanese
D) developed world

Question 24

Why was the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, or "Doomsday Vault," constructed?

A) To provide a central bank for "seed capital," or money, for green development in the event of catastrophic environmental changes
B) To store seeds in case of catastrophic environmental changes
C) To protect the world's food seeds from nuclear Armageddon or terrorist attacks
D) The real reason is unknown to the public; this adds to the mystery of the facility

Question 25

What international relations theory is most conducive to explaining effective environmental regimes?

A) Structural realism
B) Liberal institutionalism
C) Constructivism
D) Classical liberalism

Question 26

Liberal institutionalism is conducive to explaining environmental regimes because

A) most scholars of the field believe this to be true, an opinion that illustrates the arguments of constructivists.
B) realist scholars do not believe that long-term cooperation is possible, so they discount the value of regime theory.
C) feminist scholars focus on other questions, such the gendered nature of the language of the convention-protocol process.
D) of the joint gains arising from cooperative solutions.

Question 27

Analysts of international environmental cooperation have observed the importance of

A) linked bargain-set polynomials.
B) changes in knowledge.
C) charting the payoff expectations of n-person PD constructs.
D) the reintroduction of improved forms of DDT.

Question 28

What is the name given to transnationally organized groups of scientists and policymakers that influence the development of environmental regimes?

A) Agenda 21
B) IPCC
C) Bargain-set communities
D) Epistemic communities

Question 29

Marxist scholars would likely disagree with which of the following liberal institutionalist assumptions?

A) Access to global capital funding changes everything
B) Solving environmental problems is merely obtaining or establishing global governance
C) Solving environmental problems is a socially relevant modality
D) The solutions to environmental problems are to be found within the current state system

Question 30

Which is an environmental problem present in neoliberal economic policies?

A) Thoughtless squandering of resources through consumerism
B) Planned squandering of resources through consumerism
C) Unplanned but institutionalized replenishment of resources through consumerism
D) Ritualized pilfering of resources through n-person PD games

Question 31

After the Cold War, realist international relations specialists began to apply their ideas about anarchy and war to the study of environmental politics. They argued that

A) environmental change contributes to the incidence of both internal conflict and even interstate war.
B) realism did not provide an adequate analysis of environmental politics due to international cooperation, such as in the case of Antarctica.
C) environmental degradation was the cause of all the wars and conflicts throughout the 1990s.
D) state security was not linked to the environment.

Question 32

One of the most immediate and persistent consequences of warfare is

A) thoughtless squandering of resources on a nonproductive activity.
B) genetic mutations from depleted uranium munitions.
C) the destruction of ecosystems.
D) spiritual renewal of the nation.

Question 33

Which of the following herbicides was employed as a weapon in a war?

A) Smallpox to create infected blankets during the First Pathan War
B) Creation of a DMZ between North and South Korea
C) Phosgene used in the World War I
D) Agent Orange used in Vietnam

Question 34

Academic advocates of international regime theory believe four factors can explain why and when countries decide to create a formal commitment in a given issue-area. What are these four factors?

A) Large army, democracy, low trade barriers, and location
B) Security, knowledge, interest, and context
C) Knowledge, hegemony, monetary superiority, and context
D) Context, knowledge, interest, and power

Question 35

Which chemical had the most significant impact on stratospheric ozone depletion?

A) CFCs
B) CO2
C) SO2
D) XO-4

Question 36

How did developed countries respond to developing countries when the latter argued that CFCs were a developed world problem, and the developed world should solve it?

A) Allowed grace period for developing countries and established a fund to finance alternative CFC technology
B) Threatened military action and sanctions
C) Increased tariffs on noncooperating developing nations
D) Developed countries phased CFCs out without the cooperation of developing countries

Question 37

Why must states establish international governance regimes to regulate transboundary environmental problems and to sustain the global commons?

A) The "context-interest" polynomial demands it
B) Many environmental issues are not constrained by borders
C) The Convention-Protocol method is more effective
D) The MARPOL and CITES agreements contained clauses that required this cooperation

Question 38

What did the United States and other potential GMO exporters worry about when negotiating the Cartagena Protocol?

A) GMOs represented a significant growth product-area in an otherwise rapidly declining industry
B) The protocol might not be disguised protectionism
C) The protocol might be a kind of protectionism in disguise
D) Cartagena was itself a major producer of GMOs

Question 39

What does the precautionary principle say?

A) Industries affected by environmental regulation take precaution against adverse effects of new policies by creating a fund to help meet any potential new requirements imposed by the state
B) Where there is a likelihood of environmental damage, banning an activity should not require full and definitive scientific proof
C) Banning an activity should require full and definitive scientific proof
D) Environmental policy must take caution not to damage the economy

Question 40

What is "Principle 21"?

A) The assertion of 21 members of OECD that GMO production must cease at once
B) A document rarely enforced, thus illustrating the arguments of academic Realists about the limits of cooperation
C) A statement from the members of the EU that they will work for joint action only on riverine pollution
D) The principle that combines sovereignty over national resources with state responsibility for external pollution

Question 41

Most environmental conventions now aim at capacity building through arrangements for the transfer of

A) GMOs and MFN.
B) context, knowledge, interest, and power.
C) funds, technology, and expertise.
D) rare earth minerals, fish stocks, and economic resources.

Question 42

The IPCC consists of which of the following three working groups?

A) Knowledge, interest, and power
B) Climate science, impacts, and economic and social dimensions
C) Funds, technology, and expertise
D) Epistemic community, fundraising, raising awareness

Question 43

Area(s) not under sovereign jurisdiction is/are called

A) Antarctica.
B) the oceans.
C) global commons.
D) Amazon rainforest.

Question 44

What phrase best describes free riding?

A) Agreeing to be bound by the collective arrangements while refusing to pay for the benefits
B) Refusing to be bound by the collective arrangements while sharing the benefits
C) Neither refusing nor agreeing to be bound by the collective arrangements
D) Agreeing to be bound by the collective arrangements while also supporting those who do not agree to be bound by the same arrangements

Question 45

What were some of the first global commons covered by an international environmental regime?

A) Deep ocean environments
B) Fisheries
C) Antarctica
D) Stratospheric ozone layer

Question 46

Outer space and the global atmosphere are examples of

A) shared mining zones.
B) global commons.
C) disputed spaces.
D) failed regime issue areas.

Question 47

In 1988, what changes occurred concerning the Antarctica treaty system?

A) Regulated mineral mining was allowed
B) Antarctica was divided into several sovereign regions
C) A 50-year mining ban was imposed
D) Oil companies were given rights to drill

Question 48

According to the IPCC, if nothing is done to curb intensive fossil fuel emissions, there will be a likely rise in mean temperatures of the order of

A) the normal fluctuation within its natural cycle.
B) 0.5°C to 1.4°C.
C) 2.4°C to 6.4°C.
D) 10.3°C to 12°C.

Question 49

What 1992 treaty envisaged the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and their removal by carbon sequestration?

A) UNCLOS III
B) MARPOL
C) CITES
D) UNFCCC

Question 50

The framers of the Kyoto Protocol faced a more difficult challenge then those who constructed the Montreal Protocol because the Kyoto Protocol affects

A) energy, transport, and agriculture.
B) only developing countries.
C) the service sector.
D) only a small part of the global economy.

Question 51

Two varieties of state-based policies include

A) emissions trading and emissions sales.
B) structural mandates and mechanistic regulations.
C) market taxation and market programs.
D) structured and biased options.

Question 52

Emissions trading creates a market based upon

A) the right to buy and sell carbon emissions.
B) the large profit margins offered by deliberate greenhouse gas creation.
C) demand for excess carbon.
D) flawed scientific consensus.

Question 53

Under which mechanism can a developed country receive credits against its own emissions reduction target by financing projects in another developed country?

A) Emissions trading
B) Clean development mechanism
C) Joint implementation
D) Environmental development protocol

Question 54

The acceptance of the Kyoto Protocol was made difficult because it

A) benefited developing countries over developed ones.
B) would induce a global recession.
C) did not have the same scientific consensus that CFC agreements had.
D) would not reduce greenhouse gases.

Question 55

A prominent structural division within international relations hindering a cooperative solution to climate change is

A) the realist/liberal/feminist paradigm disagreement.
B) the division between the Global North and Global South.
C) the Fairport Convention.
D) the Copenhagen Consensus.

Question 56

Which state has invested heavily in carbon-reduction projects elsewhere in the world?

A) China
B) Ecuador
C) Iran
D) Rhodesia

Question 57

The thirty-five least developed nations emit _______ percent
And account for _______ percent of the world's
Population.

A) virtually 0; nearly 29
B) less than 1; more than 10
C) almost 5; 15
D) 20; 7

Question 58

If some countries join together and agree to make cuts that are costly, then others who do not can enjoy the environmental benefits of such action without paying. This is an example of

A) contextual-knowledge structures.
B) the Garcia-Hunter Paradox.
C) the Cetacean Dilemma.
D) the free rider problem.

Question 59

A key principle of the climate change regime contained in the 1992 UNFCCC stated that all nations had to accept responsibility for the world's changing climate, despite the fact that some countries pollute more than others. This is called

A) the Cetacean Dilemma.
B) the Garcia-Hunter Paradox.
C) common but differentiated responsibilities.
D) the warming orderly offset adjustment.

Question 60

The Torrey Canyon disaster occurred in _______ and helped to call attention to _______.

A) 1967; the global transportation of hazardous waste
B) 1967; the danger of oil tanker wrecks
C) 1992; ozone depletion
D) 2010; the harm that radiological materials can cause to phytosanitary systems

Question 61

What were the two traditional environmental issues?

Question 62

Define the tragedy of the commons and briefly apply it to international environmental issues.

Question 63

How do realists, liberals, and Marxists view environmental issues?

Question 64

Briefly, what role have scientists played in global environmental politics?

Question 65

Explain the origins and idea behind "common but differentiated responsibilities."

Question 66

What is the process for moving from a framework convention to a control protocol?

Question 67

What does it mean to have "global environmental governance"?

Question 68

Identify the date and substantive significance of three key events in the history of the development of international environmental cooperation.

Question 69

How should trade and environmental considerations be reconciled?

Question 70

How has globalization affected environmental change?

Question 71

Explain the difference between implementing the Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol.

Question 72

Why is the effective implementation of the Kyoto Protocol difficult?

Question 73

Why was the Montreal Protocol successful?

Question 74

What role does industry have in international environmental regimes? Give two examples.

Question 75

Is liberal intuitionalism the best theory to use when analyzing international environmental regimes? Why or why not?

Question 76

Why is global climate change such a difficult problem for the international community to solve?

Question 77

Has the global community been successful in mitigating global environmental problems? Why or why not?

Question 78

Is the Antarctica Treaty an example to follow for other "global commons" problems? Why or why not?

Question 79

Is the state system beneficial to international environmental regimes when applying a Marxist lens? Why or why not?

Question 80

What is the importance of the Trail Smelter case?