Deck 4: The Age of Religious War

Question 1

The real value of victory on the battlefield was ________.

A) bragging rights
B) decisive defeat of one's enemy
C) prevention of defeated armies rescuing besieged cities and fortresses
D) the ability to loot the opposing side's arms and war chest
E) striking fear into potential enemies

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Charles V recognized that his empire was too large and diverse to be effectively ruled by one individual, so he divided it between his eldest son Philip and his younger brother Ferdinand. Of the following territories, ________ was not given to Philip.

A) Austria
B) Spanish kingdoms
C) Netherlands
D) Italian lands
E) Franche-Comté

Answer 2

A

Question 3

________ changed the Huguenot resistance and the nature of the French Wars of Religion.

A) The signing of the Edict of Nantes
B) The formation of the Catholic League
C) The assassination of Henry III
D) The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
E) The negotiation of the Peace of Monsieur

Answer 3

D

Question 4

________ caused the people of the Netherlands to rebel against Philip II and Spain.

A) A desire for national independence
B) Philip's response to religious differences
C) A belief in legitimate resistance to Spanish authority
D) Religious divisions between Protestants and Catholics
E) The efforts of William of Orange

Question 5

The guiding principle of the Peace of Augsburg was ________.

A) freedom of worship and religious toleration
B) a territory's religion was determined by its ruler's religion
C) the legitimation of Calvinism and Lutheranism
D) the need for secularism to combat religious divisions
E) the development of a strong imperial force

Question 6

The ________ is typically regarded as the event that sparked the Thirty Years War.

A) Pacification of Ghent
B) election of Ferdinand II as Holy Roman Emperor
C) rebellion in Bohemia
D) Spanish Armada
E) death of Albrecht von Wallenstein

Question 7

________ and ________ were the guarantors of the Peace of Westphalia, acting as "protectors of German liberties."

A) Bohemia; Bavaria
B) Austria; Hungary
C) England; Spain
D) France; Sweden
E) Switzerland; the Netherlands

Question 8

During the Thirty Years War, the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) confirmed Protestant control of the north and the Battle of ________ (1634) confirmed Catholic control of the south.

A) Nördlingen
B) Lutter
C) White Mountain
D) Lützen
E) Bärwalde

Question 9

The Puritans criticized Elizabeth I's religious settlement because ________.

A) there was little punishment for Catholic heresy
B) they opposed the church's retention of "popish vestiges"
C) they did not support a female religious leader
D) the Thirty-Nine Articles were too similar to the Scottish settlement
E) the religious settlement subjugated royal authority to the power of the presbytery

Question 10

The driving force in the developments associated with the "military revolution" was ________.

A) new fortifications such as the trace italienne
B) siege warfare
C) innovations by individuals such as Maurice of Nassau and Gustavus Adolphus
D) the growth in the size of armies
E) gunpowder

Question 11

Warfare was a constant and continual fact in the lives of early modern Europeans.

Question 12

The square formations of Swiss mercenaries proved effective against firearms.

Question 13

The Valois kings of France opposed the growth of the Habsburg dynasty and Charles V's attempts to strengthen his imperial title.

Question 14

Following the failure to achieve his grand vision, Charles V abdicated from his various positions and titles and retired to a Spanish monastery.

Question 15

Duke Henry of Guise played a role in the strike on Huguenot leadership, but he had no part in the general massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

Question 16

The division of the Low Countries into the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands was due to religious divisions.

Question 17

Following her abdication from the Scottish throne, Mary Queen of Scots received a warm welcome in the court of her cousin Elizabeth I.

Question 18

The Spanish Armada was more significant as a victory to England than as a defeat to Spain.

Question 19

The Peace of Augsburg was the result of a growing commitment to religious liberty in the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 20

Albrecht von Wallenstein helped Ferdinand II by organizing an army for him on a contractual basis.

Question 21

European rulers were not interested in the fate of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years War and practised a policy of non-interference.

Question 22

The Peace of Westphalia was the first entirely secular peace conference in European history.

Question 23

Prior to the twentieth century, the French Wars of Religion were the bloodiest and most destructive in Europe.

Question 24

Philip II's foreign policy was based on two key principles: the preservation of Catholicism and the preservation of the Habsburg dynastic empire.

Question 25

Henry of Navarre was forced to convert to Catholicism in order to become King Henry IV of France.

Question 26

The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw a dramatic increase in the size of armies.

Question 27

The Habsburg Empire was a dynastic empire with no administrative or institutional unity.

Question 28

The treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars and brought about a period of peace and recovery.

Question 29

Following Henry II's death, Catherine de Medici aligned with the Guises in order to limit the religious freedom of the Huguenots.

Question 30

Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 in order to preserve the loyalty of the Huguenots, not to bring about religious liberty.

Question 31

How did religion transform the wars of early modern Europe?

Question 32

How did the new style of fortification known as the star fort (trace italienne) respond to the changing nature of warfare?

Question 33

What was universal monarchy?

Question 34

Who were the Huguenots?

Question 35

According to Calvinists, lesser magistrates could resist secular authority in cases of legitimate resistance. What constituted legitimate resistance?

Question 36

How did Philip II rule his empire?

Question 37

How did Elizabeth I succeed as a female ruler?

Question 38

What was Elizabeth I's "middle way"?

Question 39

How did Mary Queen of Scots alienate support?

Question 40

Why did the Spanish Armada fail?

Question 41

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Question 42

Albrecht von Wallenstein played a significant role in the Thirty Years War. Who was Albrecht von Wallenstein?

Question 43

The Thirty Years War was a European conflict. What foreign monarchs intervened directly in the conflict?

Question 44

What were the terms of the Peace of Westphalia?

Question 45

In 1576, all seventeen provinces in the Low Countries signed the Pacification of Ghent, agreeing to set aside religious differences and expel the Spanish, yet by the end of Philip II's reign, the Low Countries had split into two. How did this split happen?

Question 46

What was the Bohemian rebellion and why is it significant?

Question 47

What was the Edict of Restitution?

Question 48

Why was the Peace of Westphalia a significant turning point in European history?

Question 49

How did the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre transform the French Wars of Religion?

Question 50

Why did the Edict of Nantes succeed where all other attempts at religious settlement failed?

Question 51

Can we consider the developments in warfare a military revolution? Why or why not?

Question 52

How did gunpowder transform warfare in the early modern period?

Question 53

The Thirty Years War was a significant conflict in European history, but there is some debate about how we should interpret the conflict? How would you evaluate the nature of the Thirty Years War?

Question 54

Is the age of religious wars an accurate title for this period?

Question 55

What role did religion play in Habsburg politics during Philip II's reign?

Question 56

Unlike the rest of Europe, England did not experience a religious war, but it was not free from religious divisions or conflicts. How did religion influence English politics?

Question 57

Were the French Wars of Religion a religious conflict or a civil war?

Question 58

Can we consider the Dutch Revolt a religious war?

Question 59

How was the Thirty Years War a European conflict?

Question 60

Why did Charles V fail in his goal of establishing a universal monarchy?