Deck 10: From Hobbes to Hume

Question 1

The career and writings of __________ mark the beginning of the modern world.

A) Descartes
B) Locke
C) Spinoza
D) Hobbes

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hume divides propositions into two types: __________.

A) impressions and ideas
B) relations of ideas and matters of fact
C) divinely revealed and empirically perceived
D) a priori and posteriori

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Hume, __________ alone renders our experience useful to us.

A) sensation
B) divine guidance
C) reason
D) custom

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Berkeley thinks that an object is __________.

A) a collection of sensations
B) the collection of its primary qualities
C) a collection of God's attributes
D) its cumulative causal power

Question 5

Locke says that a __________ quality is one that is utterly inseparable from a body.

A) tertiary
B) primary
C) secondary
D) divine

Question 6

Locke claims that __________ qualities are nothing in the objects themselves.

A) tertiary
B) primary
C) secondary
D) divine

Question 7

Locke argues against __________.

A) innate ideas
B) ideas derived from contemplation
C) ideas derived from sense perception
D) fictitious ideas

Question 8

According to Hobbes, notions of morality and justice __________ in the state of nature.

A) still apply
B) refer to objective standards
C) have no place
D) serve as guiding ideals

Question 9

Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are __________.

A) one and the same thing
B) both nonexistent
C) two distinct things
D) imaginary

Question 10

Berkeley insists that heat and cold are __________.

A) illusions
B) physical objects
C) only things existing apart from our minds
D) only sensations existing in our minds

Question 11

Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in __________.

A) a mind
B) absolute existence
C) material substance
D) a material universe

Question 12

Berkeley concludes that God exists because __________.

A) material substance exists
B) all sensible things must be perceived by him
C) God perceives all things having absolute subsistence
D) God is material substance

Question 13

Locke's purpose is to inquire into __________.

A) authoritative opinions about knowledge
B) the structure and functions of the brain
C) the origin and extent of human knowledge
D) the essence of the soul

Question 14

Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from __________.

A) memory
B) experience
C) the mind of God
D) logic

Question 15

Locke believes that we have nothing in our minds that did not come from __________.

A) sensation and reflection
B) reflection on innate ideas
C) reason alone
D) cultural memory

Question 16

According to Locke, secondary qualities are __________.

A) inherent in the object
B) powers the object has to produce sensations in us
C) fundamental features of the human mind
D) what makes an object distinct from another object

Question 17

The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as the problem of __________.

A) science
B) deduction
C) induction
D) incoherence

Question 18

Hume argues that the principle of induction can be neither an a priori truth nor a(n) __________.

A) a priori falsehood
B) a posteriori falsehood
C) truth of mathematics
D) a posteriori fact

Question 19

Hume observes that to argue that the principle of induction can be established by experience is to __________.

A) make a valid argument
B) prove too much
C) state the obvious
D) beg the question

Question 20

According to Hume, we rely on the principle of induction because it is __________.

A) an established truth
B) a habit of mind
C) confirmed by science
D) inductively proven

Question 21

According to Hume, all our thought is restricted to manipulating the materials provided to us by __________.

A) logic
B) a priori knowledge
C) the senses and experience
D) theorems

Question 22

Hume believes that propositions that are discoverable by the mere operation of thought are those regarding __________.

A) matters of fact
B) the knowledge of the sciences
C) sensory relations
D) relations of ideas

Question 23

Hume says that all reasonings concerning matters of fact are founded on the relation of __________.

A) a priori ideas
B) propositions of certainty
C) cause and effect
D) logical ideas

Question 24

According to Hobbes and Locke, political states are made legitimate by __________.

A) their power
B) the divine right of kings
C) a social contract
D) their utility

Question 25

__________ advances both materialism and egoism.

A) Hobbes
B) Hume
C) Locke
D) Berkeley

Question 26

According to Hobbes, human beings are by nature __________.

A) irrational and violent
B) benevolent and trusting
C) selfish and dishonest
D) altruistic and caring

Question 27

Locke rejected the notion of __________.

A) empirical knowledge
B) relations of ideas
C) innate ideas
D) sense data

Question 28

The heart of Spinoza's metaphysics is his concept of __________.

A) matter
B) substance
C) mind
D) cause

Question 29

According to Leibniz, the philosophies of Descartes, Spinoza, and Locke all lack a plausible understanding of __________.

A) matter
B) substance
C) mind
D) cause

Question 30

According to Spinoza's metaphysics, there is only one substance and that substance is God.

Question 31

According to Hume, judgments reflecting relations of ideas are empirical in nature.

Question 32

According to Hume, judgments reflecting matters of fact are a priori in nature.

Question 33

Hume believes that external objects resemble internal perceptions.

Question 34

Berkeley declares that there is no such thing as material substance.

Question 35

Berkeley thinks that the sweet or bitter taste of food is inherent in the food itself.

Question 36

Berkeley accepts the conventional philosophical distinction between primary and secondary qualities.

Question 37

Berkeley thinks that sensible things have real existence, that is, existence independent of a perceiver.

Question 38

Locke says that a primary quality is one that is utterly inseparable from a body.

Question 39

Locke claims that secondary qualities are nothing in the objects themselves.

Question 40

According to Locke, objects do not exist independently of a perceiver.

Question 41

According to Locke, all knowledge begins with sensory experience.

Question 42

Hume argues that science should stop relying on the principle of induction.

Question 43

Empirical evidence can show that the principle of induction is true.

Question 44

The principle of induction cannot be justified a priori.

Question 45

Leibniz argues that compound substances are composed out of simple material atoms he calls monads.

Question 46

Locke accepts the view that we have innate ideas about metaphysical truths.

Question 47

Locke argues that even if there were particular truths that all people agreed on, that fact would not prove the existence of innate ideas.

Question 48

Hume thinks that causes and effects are discoverable by reason.

Question 49

According to Leibniz, God has free will but human beings do not.