Deck 6: Theories on Female Offending

Question 1

______ theories of criminality explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

A) Macro
B) Sociological
C) Micro
D) Behavioral

Answer 1

A

Question 2

______ theories of criminality focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors.

A) Macro
B) Psychological
C) Micro
D) Behavioral

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following were the first to attempt to investigate the nature of the female offender?

A) Hirschi
B) The Glueck's
C) Lombroso and Ferrero
D) Agnew

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Lombroso and Ferrero suggested that ______.

A) criminals have atavistic degenerative physical characteristics
B) criminals lack self-control
C) criminals do not have strong social bonds
D) criminals are strained

Question 5

Which of the following was written by Lombroso and Ferrero?

A) Five Hundred Criminal Careers
B) The Female Offender
C) The Criminality of Women
D) none of these

Question 6

All of the following are criticisms of Lombroso and Ferrero EXCEPT for ______.

A) Small sample size
B) Heterogeneity of sample
C) Assumptions lack scientific basis
D) Failure to control for additional environmental factors

Question 7

Who of the following conducted a longitudinal study of female offenders?

A) Pollack
B) Hirschi
C) The Glueck's
D) Daly

Question 8

The Glueck's were among the first to focus on female ______.

A) delinquency
B) victimization
C) social roles
D) recidivism

Question 9

According to Pollack, the ______ of women suggested that women gain power by deceiving men through sexual playacting and faked sexual responses.

A) blurred boundaries
B) power control
C) masked criminality
D) hidden nature

Question 10

Which of the following was written by Pollack?

A) Five Hundred Criminal Careers
B) The Female Offender
C) The Criminality of Women
D) Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman

Question 11

Traditional criminological theories focused exclusively on ______.

A) the body
B) violent crime
C) delinquency
D) male criminality

Question 12

Who of the following developed social bonding theory?

A) Hirschi
B) Lombroso and Ferrero
C) Chesney-Lind
D) Sutherland

Question 13

All of the following are elements of the social bond except ______.

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) integration
D) belief

Question 14

According to Hirschi, which of the following can serve as one of the strongest inhibitors of delinquency?

A) Family
B) Peers
C) School
D) Sports

Question 15

Which of the following describes the difference in social bonds found between American girls and Turkish girls?

A) Girls in Turkey are more attached to peers.
B) Girls in America are more attached to peers.
C) Girls in Turkey are more attached to school.
D) Girls in America are more attached to school.

Question 16

Differential association focuses on the influence of which of the following?

A) Families
B) Peers
C) Teachers
D) Religion

Question 17

Which of the following theories posits that learned behaviors are a result of peer associations?

A) Life Course
B) Power Control
C) Social Bonds
D) Differential Association

Question 18

Girls are more likely to experience strain as a result of ______.

A) violence in the home
B) violence at school
C) violence in the neighborhood
D) nonviolence

Question 19

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime focuses on ______.

A) definitions favorable to law violation
B) social bonds
C) self-control
D) patriarchy

Question 20

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest the development of self-control is rooted in ______.

A) the body
B) the mind
C) gender
D) family

Question 21

Adler and Simon suggested that which of the following caused increases in female offending?

A) Liberation of women
B) Socialization of women
C) Abuse of women
D) Integration of women

Question 22

Which of the following is a weakness of Hagan's power-control theory?

A) It fails to focus on gender.
B) It fails to incorporate socialization into gender roles.
C) It fails to consider one-parent households.
D) It fails to measure parental control.

Question 23

Feminist criminology began as a reaction to which of the following?

A) Male chauvinism in the discipline
B) Gender neutrality in research
C) A lack of sexism in the literature
D) An abundance of female-centered research

Question 24

All of the following were identified as challenges faced by feminist criminology EXCEPT for _____.

A) exploring the relationship between gender, race, and class
B) exploring how the War on Drugs has impacted women
C) exploring ways to link research with activism
D) exploring how political environments affect women

Question 25

______ refers to the level at which one might participate in conventional activities such as studying or playing sports.

A) Commitment
B) Attachment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 26

______ refers to the bond that people have with family, friends, and social institutions that may serve as an informal control against criminality.

A) Commitment
B) Attachment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 27

The concept of ______ refers to nondistinct categories of victim and offender.

A) blurred boundaries
B) distinct boundaries
C) no boundaries
D) excess boundaries

Question 28

All of the following were identified as themes that alter the experiences for Black women in the criminal justice system EXCEPT for ______.

A) many Black women experience structural oppression in society
B) Black families differ in their intimate and familial relations
C) the Black community and culture features unique characteristics as a result of their racialized experiences
D) Black woman are individual, but not unique

Question 29

______ suggests that events in significant life events can explain why a person engages in crime.

A) Social bond theory
B) Differential association theory
C) Power-control theory
D) Life course theory

Question 30

______ built upon the themes of gender roles and socialization to explain patterns of female offending.

A) Feminist criminology
B) Social criminology
C) Feminology
D) Sociology

Question 31

Developments in feminist research have addressed the significant relationship between ______ and offending.

A) assault
B) victimization
C) criminality
D) female criminality

Question 32

______ believed that criminal data sources failed to reflect the true extent of female crime.

A) Hirschi
B) Manson
C) Lomroso
D) Pollak

Question 33

The Charles Manson murders took place during which of the following decades?

A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s

Question 34

According to the case study, the Manson women's actions could be associated with which of the following theories?

A) social disorganization
B) strain
C) routine activities
D) social bonds

Question 35

The Manson women have all been denied ______.

A) probation
B) entry into prison rehabilitation programs
C) parole
D) constitutional rights

Question 36

Pollack believed that crime data sources reflect the true extent of female crime.

Question 37

Commitment refers to the bond that people have with family, friends, and social institutions that may serve as an informal control against criminality.

Question 38

Life course theory allowa for a gender-neutral review of how the different developmental milestones in one's life can explain criminal behavior.

Question 39

Differential association was unique in that it highlighted why people may not become involved in criminal activity.

Question 40

According to Hirschi, attachment refers to the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society.

Question 41

According to Sutherland, delinquency occurs when there is an excess of definitions unfavorable to violations of law.

Question 42

Research shows that social bonds impact men and women differently.

Question 43

The general theory of crime can explain the delinquency of boys but fails in its explanation for girls.

Question 44

Differential association is strongly supported by research.

Question 45

According to Broidy and Agnew, boys and girls experience different types of strain.

Question 46

Impulsivity is an indicator of a lack of self-control.

Question 47

According to power-control theory, girls will demonstrate higher rates of delinquency in families with patriarchal values.

Question 48

Differential association theory posits that these learned behaviors are a result of peer associations.

Question 49

All marginalized women resort to crime.

Question 50

Theories on criminal behavior try to explain why offenders engage in crime.

Question 51

Describe how theories of female offending have changed over time (i.e., from historical to traditional to modern).

Question 52

Describe the contributions of and challenges facing feminist criminology.

Question 53

Compare and contrast social bonding theory to the general theory of crime. What has recent research on these theories found regarding gender differences?

Question 54

Discuss differential association theory.

Question 55

Discuss Hirschi's social bond theory (1969).