Deck 15: Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 1

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Explain Nietzsche's distinction between "master morality" and "slave morality." How does he think that each originated? Is he more sympathetic to one than the other? Are you?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-What is the "transvaluation of values," and how does Nietzsche think that it occurred? What is his opinion of this transition? Do you agree with his assessment?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims that the meaning of punishment has changed significantly over time. How does he argue for this view? What broader philosophical implications does he draw from it? Do you find his conclusions plausible?

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Explain Nietzsche's account of the nature of asceticism. What objections does he raise to the phenomenon? Do you find his account plausible? Do you agree with his evaluation?

Question 5

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-What is Nietzsche's method in these three essays? How does it differ from the way in which most philosophers have addressed moral issues? Does this method help him achieve his aims?

Question 6

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, what is the origin of the concepts of "good and bad," and how do these concepts differ from the concepts of "good and evil"? Where do Nietzsche's own sympathies lie? Do you find his historical account plausible? Do you agree with his verdicts about these concepts?

Question 7

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-In Nietzsche's view, what is the origin of the phenomenon of bad conscience? How does he argue against the more traditional view of this phenomenon?

Question 8

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche's critique of moral values involves:

A) analyzing the meaning of moral concepts like good and evil.
B) revealing the historical origins of moral concepts.
C) calling the value of moral values themselves into question.
D) all of the above.

Question 9

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, the values of "good" and "bad" were first created by:

A) the strong and powerful.
B) the weak and powerless.
C) the reflective and compassionate.
D) religious leaders.

Question 10

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche asserts that the concept of "good" was originally derived from the concept of:

A) "gentle."
B) "generous."
C) "noble."
D) "pleasing."

Question 11

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims that a radical transvaluation of values was achieved by:

A) the Greeks.
B) the Jews.
C) the Romans.
D) the Germans.

Question 12

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, the original meanings of "good" and "bad" have been replaced by a:

A) morality of virtue.
B) morality of egoism.
C) master morality.
D) slave morality

Question 13

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-In Nietzsche's view, Christian morality must be:

A) refined.
B) destroyed.
C) affirmed.
D) used for social change.

Question 14

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, responsibility requires that we be:

A) capable of acting from duty.
B) capable of treating everyone equally.
C) entitled to the respect of others.
D) entitled to make promises.

Question 15

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims that punishment was originally performed:

A) as a way of holding someone responsible.
B) only on the guilty party.
C) out of anger.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-In Nietzsche's view, the idea of punishing someone proportionally to their crimes derives from the relationship of:

A) creditor and debtor.
B) master and slave.
C) parent and child.
D) husband and wife.

Question 17

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche suggests that humans invented gods, so that:

A) they could be secure in an afterlife.
B) someone would punish their transgressors.
C) they could be punished for their transgressions.
D) no suffering would go unnoticed.

Question 18

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, the act of punishment is __________, and the meaning of punishment is __________.

A) fluid; fluid.
B) fluid; enduring.
C) enduring; fluid.
D) enduring; enduring.

Question 19

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, man's feeling of superiority over animals originated from our ability:

A) to set prices.
B) to reason.
C) to use language.
D) to laugh.

Question 20

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Which of the following is not one of the slogans of the ascetic ideal that Nietzsche mentions?

A) poverty
B) renunciation
C) chastity
D) humility

Question 21

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, philosophy has traditionally:

A) embraced the ascetic ideal.
B) rejected the ascetic ideal.
C) been ambivalent toward the ascetic ideal.
D) been unaware of the ascetic ideal.

Question 22

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Ultimately, Nietzsche claims, asceticism represents a will to:

A) power.
B) weakness.
C) nothingness.
D) being.

Question 23

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, legal obligations are the original source of guilt, conscience, and duty.

Question 24

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-In Nietzsche's view, morality is a human invention.

Question 25

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims that to be strong is simply to express strength in one's actions.

Question 26

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, the idea of "evil" grew out of resentment of the strong and powerful.

Question 27

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims the etymology of the word "good" is instructive.

Question 28

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, the more powerful a community is, the less it needs to punish transgressors.

Question 29

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche argues that the meaning of punishment has changed over time.

Question 30

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims that the practice of punishment has greatly aided the development of a sense of guilt.

Question 31

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-According to Nietzsche, the most serious representative of asceticism is the ascetic priest.

Question 32

Friedrich Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals
Nietzsche complains that most philosophers have thought about moral concepts ahistorically, as eternal and unchanging ideas to be analyzed and understood. In contrast to this approach, Nietzsche looks at morality through the lens of genealogy, providing a speculative history of the origins of many of our moral concepts. By showing how these concepts have changed over time, Nietzsche hopes to undermine some of the current ideals that he sees as destructive of the full development of human potential.
He begins with an account of the origins of the concepts of "good" and "bad." These concepts were first created, Nietzsche contends, by the strong and powerful, who thought of themselves as good and the weak and powerless as bad. According to this master morality, "goodness" was an affirmation of one's own qualities, and "badness" was merely the negation of this. Eventually, however, the weak and downtrodden came to resent those of higher status, and engaged in a transvaluation of values, by labeling the powerful "evil" and themselves "good." The resulting slave morality was fundamentally based not on an ideal of what human beings should be like, but on the idea of what was despised in others.
Nietzsche goes on to give accounts of the origins of bad conscience and the ideal of asceticism. Nietzsche argues against the prevailing view that bad conscience is somehow the outgrowth of punishment of the guilty, on the grounds that the meaning of punishment has changed over time too much for this view to be defensible. Instead, Nietzsche claims that bad conscience is the result of humans settling into civilization, which required them to live more consciously and to turn their animal instincts inward. Asceticism, Nietzsche claims, results from the attempt to master these animal instincts by denying them. By providing accounts of the historical origins of slave morality, bad conscience, and asceticism - all of which he sees as destructive of human life - Nietzsche hopes to show that they are not necessary features of our lives.
-Nietzsche claims that asceticism shows that man would rather not will than will nothingness.