Deck 15: Indigenous Politics

Question 1

What are government expenditures per Indigenous person in Canada estimated to be?

A) About the same as the average for all Canadians
B) About five times the average for all Canadians
C) About half the average for all Canadians
D) About twice the average for all Canadians
E) About ten times the average for all Canadians

Answer 1

D

Question 2

To address grievances of Indigenous persons in Canada, what have political authorities done?

A) Signed treaties
B) Instituted government programs
C) Provided restitution
D) Enacted legislation
E) All of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

According to the 2016 census, what percentage of people are status Indians?

A) 16.2 per cent
B) 1.2 per cent
C) 2.2 per cent
D) 8.2 per cent
E) 4.2 per cent

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the 2016 census, what percentage of the national Canadian population gave as their ethnic origins North American Indian, Métis, Inuit, or a combination of one of these with some other ethnic origin?

A) 1.2 per cent
B) 9.2 per cent
C) 25.2 per cent
D) 15.2 per cent
E) 6.2 per cent

Question 5

The Indian Act applies to whom?

A) Indigenous people born after the enactment of this legislation
B) Non-status Indians
C) Métis people
D) Status Indians
E) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is true of Indigenous Canadians?

A) Their social and economic conditions are generally less favourable than those of the general population.
B) They are reported to have high rates of substance abuse and suicide.
C) They have generally been successful at resolving land claims.
D) They have more access to higher education than the general population.
E) Both A and B

Question 7

According to the 2016 census, which province or territory has the largest Indigenous identity population as a percentage of the total population?

A) Quebec
B) Nunavut
C) Yukon
D) Northwest Territories
E) Manitoba

Question 8

Government transfer payments make up what proportion of Indigenous income?

A) About one-half
B) About one-tenth
C) About two-thirds
D) About one-fifth
E) About one-third

Question 9

The terms "Indians," "Métis," and "Eskimos" were used to describe whom?

A) Indigenous bands with Canadian origins
B) An overall small proportion of the total Indigenous population
C) Various segments of the Indigenous population
D) Indigenous peoples who were born outside Canada
E) The reserves on which Indigenous peoples lived

Question 10

For every 10 Indigenous Canadians, how many have not completed high school?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

Question 11

For every 10 Indigenous Canadians who live on reserves, how many have not completed high school?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five
E) Six

Question 12

According to a 1939 Supreme Court ruling, which Indigenous peoples did not fall under the meaning of "Indians" as set down in the Indian Act of 1876?

A) Cree
B) Iroquois
C) Métis
D) Eskimos
E) Indians

Question 13

Which term refers to the belief that communities and communal identities are essential to individual dignity and the maintenance of truly domestic societies?

A) Communism
B) Communitarianism
C) Libertarianism
D) Utilitarianism
E) Socialism

Question 14

The terms "First Nations" and "First Nations peoples" are intended to carry connotations of which of the following?

A) Communal status
B) Prior claims
C) Rights
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above

Question 15

Which of the following has been used to analogize and justify Indigenous claims for distinct society and independent nationhood status?

A) Québécois claims that their people constitute a nation or people within any reasonable meaning of these terms.
B) Eastern Canadian claims that their people constitute a nation or people within any reasonable meaning of these terms.
C) Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories into a distinct administrative territory in 1999.
D) The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established.
E) The alien subjugation, domination, and exploitation they have experienced, which contravene human rights as established in the Geneva Convention.

Question 16

The term "Eskimo" once referred to Indigenous peoples who inhabited the Arctic coasts of which region?

A) Russia
B) Alaska
C) Greenland
D) Canada
E) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is not a term or issue associated with Indigenous politics, history, and policy conversations in Canada?

A) Self-government
B) Nation-to-nation
C) Self-determination
D) Sovereignty
E) La survivance

Question 18

Canada's Indian Act has been on the books since what year?

A) 1939
B) 1976
C) 1876
D) 1960
E) 1867

Question 19

Indian bands that live on reserves are subject to special legal provisions concerning which matter(s)?

A) Individual land ownership
B) Restrictions on permissible economic activities
C) Land transfer
D) Prohibition against mortgages on reserve land
E) All of the above

Question 20

Who is considered to be an "Indian" or "status Indian"?

A) Anyone who belongs to Indigenous communities whether covered by treaties or not
B) Anyone who is registered or entitled to be registered under the Indian Act
C) Anyone who requests permanent residence on a reserve
D) Anyone who can trace their ancestry less than five generations back to a status Indian
E) Anyone who resides in Nunavut and who completes the proper paperwork

Question 21

What are the defining characteristics of legally recognized "Indians" or "status Indians"?

A) Biological and environmental
B) Biological and social
C) Social and environmental
D) Social and economic
E) Biological and economic

Question 22

Which section of the Constitution Act 1982 groups Inuit and Métis peoples with the Indian people of Canada?

A) Section 33
B) Section 23
C) Section 35
D) Section 25
E) Section 15

Question 23

What does section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 recognize and affirm?

A) Rights of only Indigenous peoples recognized in the 1969 White Paper
B) Rights of only Indigenous peoples recognized in the numbered treaties
C) Existing Indigenous and treaty rights of the Indigenous peoples of Canada
D) Rights to existing and future land claims of the Indigenous peoples of Canada
E) Rights of only Indigenous peoples recognized in the Indian Act, 1876

Question 24

How many Indigenous Canadians who live on reserves have completed high school?

A) 90 per cent
B) 80 per cent
C) 70 per cent
D) 50 per cent
E) 60 per cent

Question 25

Which of the following is true about life on Indian reserves?

A) Average life expectancy and incomes are significantly lower than Canadian norms
B) Rates of substance abuse are lower than the Canadian average
C) Rates of infant mortality are lower than the Canadian average
D) Rates of unemployment are lower than the Canadian average
E) Rates of crowded housing conditions are lower than the Canadian average

Question 26

Which of the following is true about the 1969 White Paper?

A) It proposed to dismantle different legal treatment for Indigenous peoples
B) It proposed the abolition of reserves
C) Indigenous leaders disapproved of the proposals in the White Paper
D) It was a Liberal government initiative
E) All of the above

Question 27

Which of the following best describes the association between the federal government and Indigenous peoples living on reserves?

A) Kinship relationship
B) Estranged relationship
C) Arms-length relationship
D) Guardianship relationship
E) A partnership

Question 28

Which of the following is true about the guardian relationship between the federal government and Indians living on reserves?

A) The Crown legally owns reserve land.
B) Virtually no commercial transaction or legal transaction of consequence can be undertaken by reserve residents without the permission of the Department of Indian Affairs.
C) Reserve inhabitants must manage the land on which they live.
D) Reserve inhabitants must manage all resources appertaining to the land on which they live.
E) All of the above

Question 29

When critics speak of the Indian Act's paternalism, what are they referring to?

A) The fact that reserve land may not be used as security for loans
B) The fact that almost no commercial function can be undertaken on a reserve without government approval
C) The fact that band members cannot sell any part of the reserves on which they live
D) The fact that that the federal government retains ultimate authority to grant timber-cutting licenses and to establish their terms
E) All of the above

Question 30

Which of the following was not part of Indigenous policy in New France?

A) Status and rights of naturalized French citizens for converted Indigenous
B) Native proprietary interests in lands claimed by France
C) Conversion of the Indigenous population to Christianity
D) Language transfer from Indigenous to non-Indigenous languages
E) All of the above were parts of Indigenous policy.

Question 31

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 and treaties entered into between colonial authorities and Indian tribes were based on which assumption?

A) That Indigenous peoples had fallen under the protective stewardship of the Dominion of Canada
B) That Indigenous peoples would fall under the protective stewardship of Britain, which would later be transferred to Canada
C) That Indigenous peoples had fallen under the protective stewardship of the British state
D) That Indigenous peoples would not fall under the protective stewardship of any nation
E) That Indigenous peoples had fallen under the protective stewardship of the French state

Question 32

What year was the Supreme Court decision that ruled people known as "Eskimos" did not fall under the meaning of "Indians" as set down in the Indian Act of 1876?

A) 1931
B) 1939
C) 1949
D) 1901
E) 1919

Question 33

What was the nature of Indigenous leadership's response to the 1969 White Paper?

A) One of indifference
B) Overwhelmingly positive
C) Cautiously positive
D) Moderately negative
E) Overwhelmingly negative

Question 34

A newer vision for Indigenous Canadians can be found in which of the following?

A) The Senate Standing Committee Report on Indigenous Affairs
B) The Minister of Indian Affairs' Report
C) The Assembly of First Nations
D) The Constitution of the First Nations Peoples of Canada
E) The Report of the Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples

Question 35

Which of the following is not a policy proposal of the Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples report?

A) An official "admission of wrongs" done to Indigenous peoples must be issued by the government.
B) Indigenous representatives should participate in constitutional reform discussions but do not possess veto powers under any circumstances.
C) An Indigenous parliament should be established.
D) There must be increased spending on Indigenous programs.
E) Indigenous peoples have an inherent right to self-government as a right that exists under the Constitution.

Question 36

Approximately how many Indian reserves are there in Canada?

A) 230
B) 2,300
C) 320
D) 1,300
E) 32

Question 37

Which of the following is not a major association that represents Indigenous Canadians?

A) The League of Indians
B) The Assembly of First Nations
C) The North American Indian Brotherhood
D) The North American Indigenous Movement
E) The Congress of Indigenous Peoples

Question 38

Which of the following issues of importance to Indigenous Canadians have largely been contested and determined through the courts based on the interpretation of treaties?

A) Landownership and citizenship
B) Sovereignty and landownership
C) Sovereignty and citizenship
D) Status and landownership
E) Citizenship and status

Question 39

What recognized and affirmed the existing Indigenous and treaty rights of the Indigenous peoples of Canada?

A) Indian Act
B) Regina v. Sparrow (1990)
C) Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
D) Calder (1973)
E) St. Catherine's Milling and Lumber Company v. The Queen (1888)

Question 40

How many Canadians self-identified as Métis in 2006?

A) 3,865
B) 388,465
C) 3.8 million
D) 38,865
E) 1.3 million

Question 41

What is significant about the Calder (1973) case?

A) It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to landownership.
B) It is often cited as the legal basis for an inherent right for Indigenous peoples to fish.
C) It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to self-government.
D) It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to social services.
E) It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to citizenship.

Question 42

What was the issue in Regina v. Sparrow (1990)?

A) Whether the right to citizenship was an inherent Indigenous right
B) Whether the right to fish was an inherent Indigenous right
C) Whether the right to participate in the fur trade was an inherent Indigenous right
D) Whether the right to landownership was an inherent Indigenous right
E) Whether the right to enter into treaties was an inherent Indigenous right

Question 43

Which of the following is an issue about which the courts and Indigenous peoples do not agree?

A) The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as national treaties
B) The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as international treaties
C) The ability of Indigenous peoples to enter into treaties with the Crown
D) The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as continental treaties
E) The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as domestic treaties

Question 44

On a number of occasions courts have interpreted Indian treaties as what type of agreements?

A) Interim agreements
B) Ceasefire agreements
C) Pre-negotiation agreements
D) Contractual agreements
E) Peace agreements

Question 45

Which of the following issues was revisited in R v. Marshall (1999)?

A) Fishing as an inherent Indigenous right
B) Indigenous rights to enter into treaties with the Crown on their behalf
C) The recognition and treatment of treaties between Indigenous peoples and the Crown as international treaties
D) What constitutes Indian status, and whether this status should be extended to children of status Indians
E) Indigenous title to lands and the conditions necessary to satisfy such title to ownership

Question 46

Indigenous Canadians living off-reserve are how many times more likely than other Canadians to receive social assistance?

A) About five times
B) About four times
C) About two times
D) About nine times
E) About three times

Question 47

Institutionalization of Indigenous affairs and identity within the Canadian state occurs through which of the following?

A) Employment
B) Government transfers to Indigenous communities
C) Broadcasting
D) Embedding Indigenous affairs within the activities of the Canadian state
E) All of the above

Question 48

In what year did the Idle No More actions begin?

A) 2003
B) 1973
C) 2013
D) 1993
E) 1983

Question 49

When did CBC broadcast the first Indigenous-language program?

A) 1960
B) 1935
C) 1940
D) 1945
E) 1950

Question 50

In what decade did the Oka Crisis and the Ipperwash stand-off occur?

A) 1990s
B) 1980s
C) 1960s
D) 1950s
E) 1970s

Question 51

According to the 2001 census, how much of Canada's population reported identifying with an Indigenous group?

A) 3.3 per cent
B) 1.6 per cent
C) 2.3 per cent
D) 4.1 per cent
E) 1.2 per cent

Question 52

How much did the self-identifying Métis population grow between 2006 and 2016?

A) 50 per cent
B) 35 per cent
C) 2 per cent
D) 10 per cent
E) 25 per cent

Question 53

What year was the controversial White Paper released?

A) 1876
B) 2001
C) 1935
D) 1918
E) 1969

Question 54

Approximately how much space do reserves occupy?

A) The size of Toronto
B) Half the size of Nova Scotia
C) Half the size of Prince Edward Island
D) A third the size of Vancouver
E) Half the size of Montreal

Question 55

Roughly how many Indigenous people live on reserves?

A) 10,000
B) 33,000
C) 330,000
D) 110,000
E) 660,000

Question 56

What is the population of most reserves?

A) Fewer than 1,000
B) 40,000
C) 10,000
D) 100,000
E) 80,000

Question 57

What is the most common Indigenous language?

A) Inuktitut
B) Dene
C) Ojibway
D) Siouan
E) Cree

Question 58

What is the second most common Indigenous language?

A) Ojibway
B) Siouan
C) Inuktitut
D) Dene
E) Cree

Question 59

What is the third most common Indigenous language?

A) Cree
B) Inuktitut
C) Dene
D) Ojibway
E) Siouan

Question 60

Which prime minister issued a formal apology to the victims of residential schools?

A) Lester Pearson
B) Stephen Harper
C) Brian Mulroney
D) Pierre Trudeau
E) Mackenzie King

Question 61

Approximately 14 per cent of Canadians identify or claim ethnic origin as North American Indian, Métis, Inuit, or a combination of these.

Question 62

Communitarianism is the belief that communities and community identity overpower and erase individual identity.

Question 63

The terms "First Nations" and "Indigenous" are used in Canada but not in the United States.

Question 64

The Métis and Inuit were not classified as "Indians" under the Indian Act until 1939.

Question 65

The provisions in the Indian Act do not apply to Métis and Inuit people.

Question 66

Only one government has attempted to abolish the "paternalistic, racially based" reserve system.

Question 67

Indigenous peoples have the right to cut timber, sell unused portions of land, and lease resources for exploitation on their reserves.

Question 68

It is nearly impossible to tell how many people live in reserves as census data collection has not been permitted on many reserves.

Question 69

Reserves can practise self-government through band councils and chiefs who are elected for three-year terms.

Question 70

Canada once attempted to assimilate Indigenous peoples and banned Potlatch and religious dance ceremonies.

Question 71

Between 1867 and 2015, 339 Indigenous Canadians were elected to the House of Commons.

Question 72

The Charlottetown Accord would have guaranteed an unspecified number of Indigenous premiers.

Question 73

The reaction to the federal government's 1969 White Paper on Indian Policy marked the real beginning of the politicization of the Indigenous movement in Canada.

Question 74

The Assembly of First Nations was formed in 1972.

Question 75

Disputes over land are easily solved.

Question 76

The Supreme Court's 2014 in Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia provides the clearest statement yet of the meaning of Indigenous title.

Question 77

Regina v. Sparrow (1990) addressed the issue of Indigenous rights, including property rights.

Question 78

There exists in law a duty to consult with Indigenous groups whose lands are affected by economic development.

Question 79

The first Indigenous-language program was broadcast in 1990.

Question 80

The Indigenous Peoples Television Network began in 1999.