Deck 5: Data Analysis in Quantitative Studies

Question 1

A histogram displays data points that most frequently cluster close to the y-axis with few data points on the right side of the graph. A histogram displaying this trend suggests what kind of dataset?

A) A positively skewed dataset
B) A negatively skewed dataset
C) A normally distributed dataset
D) None of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A dataset contains ordinal data with quite a few outlier values. Which measure of central tendency would you be more inclined to use?

A) Mode
B) Mean
C) Median
D) The median or the mode

Answer 2

C

Question 3

You have continuous data points from two variables and would like to determine the relationship between the variables. What statistical analyses would you use?

A) Independent t-test
B) Chi-square test
C) Correlation
D) An omnibus test

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A "pointy" distribution (i.e., few high scores and low scores with more frequent scores in the middle) is an example of a distribution that can be describe by which of the following terms?

A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Mesokurtic
D) Normally distributed

Question 5

You are asked to compare means from three different samples. What kind of statistical analysis would you use?

A) Chi-square test
B) Paired t-test
C) Correlation and regression
D) ANOVA

Question 6

You calculate a sample mean for three different groups. The accuracy of the average of the sample means is reflected by which of the following?

A) Standard error
B) Variance
C) Standard error of the mean
D) Degrees of freedom

Question 7

Main effects and interaction effects can be present within what type of statistical analysis?

A) Regression
B) Factorial ANOVA
C) Paired samples t-test
D) Chi-square

Question 8

When ordinal data are used, what is the association between the data called?

A) Spearman Rank correlation coefficient
B) Regression coefficient
C) Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
D) Correlation coefficient

Question 9

When is practical significance often valued over statistical significance?

A) In quantitative studies
B) In clinical trials
C) When observed effects are extremely valuable
D) Both b and c

Question 10

A researcher is interested in determining whether exercise-related new year's resolution goals predict the time spent exercising. What analysis should they use?

A) Regression analysis
B) ANOVA
C) Correlation
D) Independent t-test

Question 11

The probability of error in statistics is usually depicted by which of the following?

A) Standard error
B) Standard deviation
C) p-value
D) Variance

Question 12

In a meta-analysis, you are interested in whether there are meaningful differences in the study results under review. What value would you look at to determine the meaningfulness?

A) The p-value
B) Effect size
C) The strength of the correlation coefficient
D) None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following describes when Type I errors occur?

A) The null hypothesis is rejected when, in fact, it is true.
B) The wrong statistical analysis is completed.
C) When there is an ethical error.
D) When the null hypothesis is accepted when, in fact, it is false.

Question 14

A classification system where two or more groups respond on two or more categories or outcomes is visually represented through which of the following?

A) Histogram
B) Contingency table
C) Boxplot
D) Frequency polygon

Question 15

Parametric tests are to ________ as non-parametric tests are to ________.

A) means; frequencies
B) frequencies; means
C) interval and/ or ratio data; nominal and/ or ordinal data
D) Both a and c

Question 16

To reject the null hypothesis, the researcher needs to be confident that the results are not due to random chance or error. What is typically the minimum confidence level?

A) 99.9 per cent
B) 95 per cent
C) 100 per cent
D) 99 per cent

Question 17

What does rejecting the null hypothesis suggest?

A) A statistical significance
B) Type II error
C) No statistical significance
D) Type I error

Question 18

You are looking at a graph where the frequency of scores are represented by dots and connected by lines. What kind graph are you looking at?

A) Histogram
B) Boxplot
C) Frequency polygon
D) Contingency table

Question 19

Statistics are subjective ways of interpreting observations and help researchers address research questions and problems.

Question 20

The mean should only be calculated for interval and ratio data.

Question 21

A mesokurtic graph essentially displays a normal distribution.

Question 22

Histogram graphs are useful for quickly examining the distribution and shape of the collected data.

Question 23

Negatively skewed distributions occur when the highest frequency of scores cluster around the y-axis.

Question 24

Platykurtic scores suggest that scores are equally distributed across the entire distribution.

Question 25

Measures of variability only provide information regarding how the scores vary.

Question 26

The range is only calculated from extreme scores.

Question 27

The interquartile range is often visually depicted using a histogram.

Question 28

The standard error of the mean is the nominator in all t-tests.

Question 29

You are comparing three different activity types and whether they affect physical activity levels (low, moderate and vigorous). This type of analysis would require a 3x3 factorial analysis.

Question 30

A soccer player who spends less time missing practice has more playing time. This is an example of a positive correlation.

Question 31

Describe the visual characteristics of a normal distribution. (i.e., what are the key characteristics that define a normal distribution?).

Question 32

Define modality and mode and roughly sketch a unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal distribution.

Question 33

Define variability and list three common measures of variability.

Question 34

Describe how you would calculate the interquartile range.

Question 35

Briefly discuss a scenario where an analysis of covariance would be beneficial.

Question 36

What is the null hypothesis? Discuss what is meant by rejecting the null hypothesis and failing to reject the null hypothesis.

Question 37

Define central tendency. Define and describe the three main measures of central tendency.

Question 38

Briefly describe how variance is calculated from the standard deviation. Why is the variance harder to interpret? How would you interpret both a large and a small standard deviation?

Question 39

Discuss when you would use an ANOVA and discuss when and why you would conduct a post-hoc test.

Question 40

What is a meta-analysis? Discuss why a researcher would want to conduct a meta-analysis and the purpose of calculating the effect size in a meta-analysis.