Question 1

Venezuela's history differs from the Southern Cone in that:&#10;A) It never has experienced military dictatorship&#10;B) It escaped the continental trend towrd boureaucratic authoritarian dictatorship in the 1970s&#10;C) Its experience with mass democracy goes back to the 1800s&#10;D) The 1980s were not a &#34;lost decade&#34; economically

Accepted Answer

Venezuela did not experience the same wave of bureaucratic authoritarian dictatorships that countries in the Southern Cone (such as Argentina, Chile, and Brazil) did during the 1970s. Instead, it maintained a relatively more stable democratic system during that period.

Question 2

The Mexican Revolution of 1910:&#10;A) Was really little more than a military coup&#10;B) Was accomlished with relaively little bloodshed&#10;C) Was a battle for leadership between Pancho Villa and Emeliano Zapata&#10;D) Was the first mass revolution of the twentieth century

Accepted Answer

The Mexican Revolution of 1910 was a complex and multifaceted conflict that involved a wide range of social, economic, and political issues. It was not merely a military coup or a battle between two leaders, nor was it accomplished with little bloodshed. It was indeed the first major revolution of the 20th century, marking a significant period of upheaval and change in Mexican society and governance.

Question 3

During the years of dominance of the PRI, Mexican presidents:&#10;A) Were limited to one six year term but could name their successor&#10;B) Often manipuated the constitution to get around the limit of one term&#10;C) Could be re-elected, but only once&#10;D) Were often threatened with with militlary coups

Accepted Answer

Mexican presidents during the PRI dominance were indeed limited to a single six-year term, a policy known as "no reelección." However, they had significant influence over the selection of their successor, often through a process known as "el dedazo" (the tap of the finger), where the outgoing president would essentially choose who would be the PRI's candidate for the presidency. This system allowed for a continuity of policy and power within the PRI, despite the constitutional prohibition against re-election.

Question 4

The years of neoliberal reform in Mexico between 1982 and 2000 were:&#10;A) A return to the fundamental principles of the 1910 Revolution&#10;B) Were largely limited to political not economic change&#10;C) Were Mexico's first attempt at imporf substitution&#10;D) Put an end to the PRI's &#34;perfect dictatorship&#34; but not the party itself

Accepted Answer

The neoliberal reforms in Mexico during this period focused on economic liberalization, privatization, and reducing the role of the state in the economy. These reforms did not signify a return to the principles of the 1910 Revolution, which were more about social justice and land reform. They were not limited to political changes but were primarily economic. Import substitution had been a strategy since the mid-20th century, so this period was not the first attempt at it. The reforms contributed to the end of the PRI's dominance (often referred to as the "perfect dictatorship" because of its long unbroken rule), but the party itself continued to exist and even regained the presidency later.

Question 5

The election of Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO) can best be described as:&#10;A) A return to the single party dominance of the PRI&#10;B) The consolidation of the turn toward neoliberal economic policies&#10;C) Victory of a left populist after several setbacks to the Pink Tide elsewhere&#10;D) A victory for the Zapatista liberation movement

Accepted Answer

AMLO's election represents a victory for left-wing populism in Mexico, aligning with the broader Latin American trend known as the Pink Tide, which saw the rise of leftist governments across the region. Unlike the other options, his election does not signify a return to PRI dominance, a consolidation of neoliberal policies, or a victory for the Zapatista movement.

Question 6

The coup attempt by Chavez in 1992:&#10;A) Was unsuccessful because Venezuelans came out in huge demonstratons to support the elected president&#10;B) Was unsuccessful but revealed the erosion of popular support for the Punto Fijo regime&#10;C) Would have succeeded had the United States not intervened to support the elected president&#10;D) Was largely organized and financed by Cuba

Accepted Answer

The coup attempt led by Hugo Chavez in 1992 was indeed unsuccessful, but it significantly exposed the declining popular support for the Punto Fijo regime, which had governed Venezuela since 1958. This event highlighted the deep-seated dissatisfaction among various sectors of Venezuelan society with the existing political system, setting the stage for Chavez's later rise to power.

Question 7

In relationship to Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Venezuela:&#10;A) Was with Saudi Arabia a founding member of the organization&#10;B) Was not a member because it was competing with Middle East exporters&#10;C) Was sympathetic but unwilling to join because of pressure from the US, its largest export market&#10;D) Saw it as a model and created a South American version of OPEC called &#34;petrosure&#34;

Accepted Answer

Venezuela, along with Saudi Arabia, was indeed a founding member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960. This organization was established to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers.

Question 8

What was Hugo Chavez's attitude toward his country's state oil company, PDVSA?&#10;A) He wanted to sell it to foreign investors to gain financial resources for his radical programs at home&#10;B) He wanted to reduce the control PDVSA executives over oil policy and establish more under state control over the company&#10;C) He thought oil exports were a curse on the country's prospects for development&#10;D) He wanted to privatize the company by giving all Venezuela's shares of stock in it

Accepted Answer

Hugo Chavez sought to increase state control over PDVSA, reducing the power of its executives and ensuring that oil revenues could be used to fund his social and economic programs.

Question 9

What best describes the Venezuelan opposition to Chavez and Maduro?&#10;A) Its main point of unity was been forcing out Chavismo, but it is often divided about how.&#10;B) It shifted back and forth about whether to oppose or work with Chavismo internally&#10;C) It consistently refused to participate in elections after 1998.&#10;D) It would be stronger if it was willing to work with the United States to restore democracy

Accepted Answer

The Venezuelan opposition to Chavez and Maduro has been primarily united in its goal of removing Chavismo from power. However, it has faced internal divisions regarding the strategies and methods to achieve this goal, leading to a lack of a cohesive approach.

Question 10

The regime transitions in Mexico and Venezuela around 2000 were very different in some ways, but what did they share?&#10;A) Military pressure was key to forcing change in both countries&#10;B) The same governing elites that ruled before the transition ruled afterward&#10;C) Both moved from single party regions to systems more like polyarchy&#10;D) Citizens increasingly saw the political party systems as unrepresentative and unresponsive to groups and movements demanding change.

Accepted Answer

Citizens increasingly saw the political party systems as unrepresentative and unresponsive to groups and movements demanding change.

Question 11

How would you descirbe the relationship of Emeliano Zapata and Pancho Villa to each other and to the Mexican Revolution?&#10;A) They were bitter enemies&#10;B) They both had strong popular support in rural areas, but in different parts of the country with different different social structures&#10;C) Villa got more support from the United States than Zapata&#10;D) Villa's followers were mostly middle class, Zapata's were mostly working class

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would you descirbe the relationship of...

Question 12

Under which president did Mexico finally consolidate poliical stability and some of the social changes promised by the Revolution?&#10;A) Porfiero Diaz&#10;B) Lazaro Cardenas&#10;C) Vicente Fox&#10;D) Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under which president did Mexico finally consolidate...

Question 13

Mexico's shift toward neoliberalism under three PRI presidents between 1982 and 2000 was often seen a return to the principles of which of the following?&#10;A) The Porfiriato&#10;B) Zapata's Plan de Ayala&#10;C) Cardenas's oil nationalization and land reform programs&#10;D) The French occupation of 1862

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mexico's shift toward neoliberalism under three PRI...

Question 14

Which of the following were among the political results associated with NAFTA?&#10;A) It enabled the PRI to recover its popularity&#10;B) It ended any threat of a guerrilla insurgency&#10;C) It made it difficult for any future president to change the economic model&#10;D) It handed more power to the Mexican army in domestic affairs

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following were among the...

Question 15

Between 1935, when the dictator Gomez died, and 1970, what best describes &#34;oil nationalism&#34; in Venezuela?&#10;A) Nationalization of the three big foreign oil companies&#10;B) Keep autonomous control over oil policy rahter than cooperate with other big Third World oil exporting countries&#10;C) Force the foreign oil companies to produce and export as much oil as rapidly and possible&#10;D) Demand a more just share of the oil profits generated by foreign oil companies

Accepted Answer

The answer of Between 1935, when the dictator Gomez died,...

Question 16

What was the main purpose of the Pact of Punto Fijo of 1958 in Venezuela?&#10;A) To strike a new, more lucrative deal with the foreign oil companies.&#10;B) To guarantee Venezuela access to the US market for its oil&#10;C) To reduce chances of a military coup through power sharing among elites&#10;D) To allow guerrillas to put down their arms and join the political process

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the main purpose of the...

Question 17

What role did the Venezuela media play in Venezuela in the Chavez years?&#10;A) The media provided the main internal opposition to Chavez and supported opposition attempts to force him out&#10;B) The media provided critical coverage of Chavez's policies but refused to participate in opposition schemes to force him out&#10;C) Chavez coopted most of the media by using petrodollars to provide subsidies and other benefits to newspapers and broadcasters&#10;D) From the day Chavez became president he shut down private media and put all electronic media under government control

Accepted Answer

The answer of What role did the Venezuela media play...

Deck 9: Transitions From Party-Dominant Regimes: Mexico and Venezuela