Deck 5: Spatial Cognition Navigation and Manual Control

Question 1

Which of the following dimensions has the least salient endpoints?

A) up/down
B) left/right
C) front/back
D) top/bottom

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Left-right, front-back, and up-down refer to:

A) an exocentric reference frame
B) an allocentric reference frame
C) an egocentric reference frame
D) a world-centered reference frame

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An exocentric reference frame uses _________as dimensions.

A) left-right, front-back, up-down
B) east-west, north-south, up-down
C) left-right, north-south, up-down
D) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

FORT stands for

A) frame of reference transformation
B) frame of relation translation
C) frame of rotation transformation
D) free rotation translation

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the cost of mental rotation

A) an increasing cost from 0-180 degrees, a decreasing cost from 180-360 degrees
B) an increasing cost from 0 to 90 degrees, a decreasing cost from 90-180, little cost from 180 to 360 degrees
C) an increasing cost from 0 to 90 degrees, little cost from 90 to 270 degrees, a decreasing cost from 270 to 360 degrees
D) little cost from 0 to 90 degrees; an increasing cost from 90-180, a decreasing cost from 180 to 270, and little cost from 270 to 360

Question 6

In the function describing performance cost as a function of angle of rotation, what happens around 180 degrees?

A) a peak (a small increase in cost) around 180 degrees
B) a very large increase in cost around 180 degrees
C) a gradual rise in cost to a peak at 180, and a drop thereafter
D) a dip (a small decrease in cost) around 180 degrees

Question 7

Which of the following implications does NOT properly reflect the cost of mental rotation (FORT costs)?

A) track up maps are preferred to north up maps
B) the "you are here" map should never be rotated from north up
C) forward mental rotation is less difficult than rotation "around the side"
D) we have little difficulty using a "you are here" map even if it is mounted vertically

Question 8

Line of sight ambiguity means that

A) the location of objects in 3D space is ambiguous when presented on a flat viewing surface
B) position differences along the light of sight are highly compressed
C) the movement of objects in 3D space is ambiguous when presented on a flat viewing surface
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 9

Which of the following display formats is most effective for spatial understanding tasks?

A) 3D immersed (narrow field of view)
B) 3D exocentric (broad field of view)
C) verbal route list
D) 2D coplanar

Question 10

Choose the typical order of stages of navigational knowledge:

A) landmark, route, survey
B) survey, route, landmark
C) route, landmark, survey
D) route, survey, landmark

Question 11

Which of the following best summarizes the findings concerning map scale?

A) maps showing a larger area better support global understanding; a large GFOV generally supports global understanding
B) maps showing a smaller area better support global understanding; a small GFOV generally supports global understanding
C) maps showing a larger area better support navigation; a large GFOV generally supports navigation
D) maps showing a smaller area better support navigation; a small GFOV generally supports navigation
E) a and d
F) b and c

Question 12

Which of the following best summarizes the findings concerning data base overlay?

A) an overlay decreases clutter, and decreases scanning
B) an overlay increases clutter, but decreases scanning
C) separate displays for each data base increases clutter and increases scanning
D) separate displays increase clutter but decrease scanning

Question 13

Highlighting offers a solution to the problem of display clutter. Which of the following is NOT a reason for its success?

A) highlighting can speed up the search process by using features that are pre-attentively processed.
B) highlighting can be used to select one coding class (e.g., search the red symbols) for search, reducing set size
C) some aspects of shape can be used as a pre-attentive filter
D) highlighting requires only a few keystrokes for the user

Question 14

Decluttering tools hide certain information (e.g., hide information from particular data bases), thereby reducing display clutter. Decluttering can produce side effects. Which of the following offers the best summary of such side effects?

A) increased time and keystrokes required to toggle information on and off
B) when information is hidden, it is "out of mind"
C) toggling imposes cost working memory cost
D) all of the above
E) a and b but not c
F) a and c but not b

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the four broad task categories used by the visualizer of a large data base?

A) consistent tasks
B) comparison tasks
C) search tasks
D) insight

Question 16

The most familiar view of remembering a spatial environment, like a neighborhood, is known as:

A) canonical orientation
B) subjective alignment
C) subjective landmark structure
D) rectilinear orientation

Question 17

When people reconstruct their mental model of a spatial environment, they have a tendency to:

A) straighten curved features like rivers
B) reconstruct intersections to be at 90 degree angles
C) position landmarks along a north-south-east-west grid
D) all of the above

Question 18

When Carlson applies the concept of compatibility to environmental design, she refers to compatibility between:

A) Functionality of design and task
B) landmark knowledge and survey knowledge
C) landmarks and orientation
D) tasks and orientation

Question 19

Information visualization is used for four different kinds of data structures. Which of the following is not one of these:

A) network
B) tabular
C) linear
D) all of the above are examples.

Question 20

In information visualization, which dimension represents a poor compatibility choice for to represent the concept of amount:

A) length of a line
B) texture of a surface
C) brightness of a color patch
D) hue of a color patch. *

Question 21

The concept of "brushing" in visualization is often used compatibly to represent:

A) links
B) time
C) nodes
D) the global view.

Question 22

The shape of a geometric objects is a compatible representation of_____ aspects of the date:

A) qualitative
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the three prominent characteristics that are important to consider when designing features of 3D environmental design?

A) canonical orientation
B) clutter
C) landmark prominence
D) rectilinear normalization

Question 24

The general principle of visualization tool design, offered by Schneiderman & Plaisant, advocates that three functions be supported in this order:

A) details, then overview, then zoom & filter
B) zoom & filter, then details, then summary
C) overview, then zoom & filter, then details
D) overview then details, then zoom & filter

Question 25

Two ways of providing details on demands are: "point and click" and navigating (flying) into a 3D data base. Evidence suggests that:

A) point & click is superior
B) 3D flying is superior
C) 3D flying is superior only for network data bases
D) neither technique is superior

Question 26

Application of the proximity compatibility principle to data visualization has been achieved by careful use of:

A) point & click
B) 4D navigation
C) synchronous changes
D) compatibility of data base structure.

Question 27

When the same part of an environment is represented in two different views of the environment, this represents which principle of visual momentum?

A) use consistent representations
B) use graceful transitions
C) highlight anchors
D) display continuous world maps

Question 28

Which of the following is not a principle of visual momentum:

A) use graceful transitions
B) exploit animation
C) display continuous world maps
D) all of the above ARE principles of visual momentum

Question 29

Fitts' law describes:

A) the time to move a cursor to a fixed target
B) the accuracy of moving to a fixed target
C) the accuracy of tracking a moving target
D) the optimal gain to track a moving target

Question 30

Fitts' law best applies to:

A) reducing the system lag in a control system
B) designing a button size on a keypad
C) optimizing the compatibility of mapping between a display and control orientation
D) designing the color code for different dimensions of information visualization

Question 31

When A = Amplitude, G = Gain, and W = target width, Fitts' law is expressed by the equation: MT =

A) G + Log (A)
B) Log (2A/W)
C) Log (W/2A)
D) Log (G + W)

Question 32

When the speed of a car increases on a curvy road, this increases the ____ of the tracking task:

A) lag
B) instability
C) bandwidth
D) control order

Question 33

Increasing the control order of a tracking system dynamics will:

A) increase lag
B) decrease lag
C) increase gain
D) decrease gain

Question 34

The relation between steering wheel angle and heading of a car is a _____ system.

A) 0 order
B) 1^st order
C) 2^nd order
D) 3^rd order

Question 35

Positioning a mouse cursor on a word on the screen while text editing is a ____ tracking task.

A) 0 order
B) 1^st order
C) 2^nd order
D) 3^rd order

Question 36

Concerning landmark prominence and discriminability, which of the following is NOT one of the three recommendations to landmark creation?

A) the benefit of glass windows
B) landmarks are particularly valued on YAH maps.
C) there are considerable advantages to ''intervisibility'' whereby one landmark can be seen from another.
D) individual differences in geographical knowledge

Question 37

Closed loop instability or "pilot-induced oscillations" will be most likely to occur with systems that have:

A) high gain and short time delay
B) low gain and short time delay
C) high gain and long time delay
D) low gain and long time delay

Question 38

Which (if either) is harder when tracking multiple "things"?

A) tracking multiple axes
B) tracking multiple systems or entities
C) both are equally difficult
D) multi-axis is more difficulty only when the gain is high

Question 39

In most tracking systems:

A) lower gain is better
B) higher gain is better
C) gain doesn't matter (equally good at all gains)
D) mid-levels gain is better

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of a virtual environment:

A) ego-centered frame of reference
B) three-dimensional viewing
C) closed-loop interaction
D) static images

Question 41

What is the key difference between virtual and augmented reality?

A) there is no difference-they are the same thing
B) VR is three-dimensional; AR is not
C) AR incorporates real-world objects or environments; VR does not
D) VR uses head mounted displays: AR does not

Question 42

Which of the following best describes the term, "presence"?

A) like sitting in a movie theater
B) like being in the virtual environment
C) like watching TV
D) none of the above

Question 43

What factors are important in achieving presence?

A) high image fidelity
B) realistic action
C) egomotion
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 44

What are some advantages of training in a virtual environment versus training in the real world?

A) training in a virtual environment is less dangerous
B) training in a virtual environment can be less dangerous
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 45

What is important to ensure when VR is used to treat anxiety phobias?

A) that the virtual environment is mounted on a high platform
B) that the virtual environment actually produces an anxiety response in the patient
C) that the virtual environment is attractive
D) that the virtual environment does not produce an anxiety response

Question 46

What are the two different forms of lag?

A) zero order
B) transmission lag
C) control order
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 47

Why is lag a problem for virtual and augmented reality?

A) leads to errors in presented visual direction
B) compatibility between position of real and virtual components
C) feedback from later actions affects earlier actions
D) leads to communication delays
E) a and d

Question 48

Which of the following is not true about cybersickness?

A) it leads to nausea, dizziness, and disorientation
B) it can be produced by display lag
C) is more likely if the direction of gaze corresponds to the direction of motion
D) it can be produced if there is a gain mismatch between head and display movement

Question 49

Which of the following biases/distortions is not observed in a virtual environment:

A) level surface appears to slope downhill away from the observer
B) distances in depth are underestimated
C) virtual space appears smaller than it actually is
D) pincushion distortion

Question 50

Which of the following would not be considered a typical feature of a virtual environment?

A) closed-loop interaction
B) three-dimensional viewing
C) exocentric frame of reference
D) dynamic

Question 51

Graph the relationship between angle and mental rotation cost. What are the implications for electronic map design?

Question 52

What is meant by FORT transformation? Provide an example.

Question 53

Describe the stages of navigational knowledge and how they are acquired.

Question 54

What is map clutter? What are some solutions?

Question 55

What are some prominent characteristics of our mental models of 3D environments? What do they imply for the design of 3D spaces (e.g., building interiors)?

Question 56

Using a table, depict the relationship between data representation (data type) and display representation (visual variable).

Question 57

Describe the concept of visual momentum, and three ways to instantiate it.

Question 58

Consider a task where a user presses two buttons in sequence on their smart phone. Describe what Fitts' law says about the factors that might influence the time taken to do this.

Question 59

Describe five factors that make dynamic tracking difficult.

Question 60

What are five factors that influence the sense of presence of a virtual environment?

Question 61

What is meant by "frame of reference"? Why is it important for spatial cognition and navigation?

Question 62

"Overview first, then zoom and filter, then details on demand". What is the evidence for this claim? What does it imply for the design of visualization software? Discuss.

Question 63

The design of virtual environments for training often involves consideration of a trade-off between providing certain features (e.g., head tracking, high resolution) versus the cost of including that feature in the system. How should this trade-off be resolved?

Question 64

Explore the relationship between the proximity compatibility principle (PCP) and augmented reality (AR). What would the PCP say about how good AR should be designed?

Question 65

Describe the five challenges for virtual and augmented reality environments.