Deck 9: Selection of Action

Question 1

"If-then" logic is typical of:

A) knowledge based behavior
B) rule based behavior
C) skill based behavior
D) environmentally-based behavior

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In difficult diagnosis, people engage in what is called:

A) environmentally based behavior
B) ecological behavior
C) rule based behavior
D) knowledge based behavior

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In simple RT, Auditory RT is ____ than visual RT.

A) about 30 msec faster
B) about ½ sec faster
C) about ½ sec slower
D) faster, except when the visual RT stimulus is foveal

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The shortest simple RT occurs when the warning interval is:

A) short and variable
B) short and constant
C) long and variable
D) long and constant

Question 5

When the warning interval is variable, long warning intervals produce:

A) long RT because of expectancy
B) long RT because of primacy
C) short RT because of expectancy
D) short RT because of primacy

Question 6

According to the Hick-Hyman law, each progressive increase in N (the complexity of choice) produces a:

A) smaller increase in RT
B) constant increase in RT
C) longer increase in RT
D) constant decrease in RT

Question 7

The Hick-Hyman law accounts for the role of_____ in RT.

A) the speed-accuracy trade-off
B) expectancy
C) compatibility
D) all of the above

Question 8

When is a speed-accuracy trade-on typically shown (a positive relation between speed and accuracy):

A) working memory tasks
B) visual search tasks
C) low compatibility tasks
D) choice RT tasks

Question 9

The shape of the speed-accuracy operating characteristic (SAOC) has implications for system design that:

A) are consistent with principles of visual momentum
B) apply primarily to complex choices
C) discourage "0 defects" campaigns *
D) pertain only to RT tasks

Question 10

According to the form of the typical speed-accuracy operating characteristic, when the accuracy set is very high, the RT will be:

A) short and variable
B) short and constant
C) long and variable
D) long and constant.

Question 11

Tversky's model of similarity-based confusion suggests that such confusion between two stimuli or messages is most accurately predicted by an increase in:

A) the number of shared elements
B) the number of different elements
C) the ratio of different to total features
D) the ratio of shared to total features

Question 12

Several variables are known to drive people along the speed accuracy trade-off curve. Which of the following is NOT one of these:

A) changes in compatibility
B) levels of stress
C) changes in age
D) changes in control devices (e.g., from a keypad to a touch screen)

Question 13

An exception to the repetition effect normally found in RT studies occurs:

A) when the response choice (N) is high
B) in the gambler's fallacy
C) when the choices are discriminable (easy)
D) when compatibility is low

Question 14

As responses become more complex:

A) they take longer to select
B) their compatibility is reduced
C) their discrimination is reduced
D) their discrimination is increased

Question 15

Practice is found to have a progressively greater benefit on RT:

A) when speed is stressed
B) when compatibility is low
C) for younger people
D) when responses are repeated

Question 16

The two main classes of S-R compatibility are:

A) location and movement
B) intrinsic and extrinsic
C) ego-centric and exo-centric
D) strategic and tactical

Question 17

[A,B,C & D] are stimuli laid out left to right, [1,2,3,4] are responses laid out left to right. Which mapping will have the longest average RT?

A) A1 B2 C3 D4
B) A2 B3 C4 D1
C) A4 B3 C2 D1
D) both b and c above

Question 18

When the colocation principle cannot be applied, a good substitution is:

A) the Warrick principle
B) movement compatibility
C) the clockwise to increase stereotype
D) congruence principle

Question 19

Comparison of different stovetop designs vary in their application of:

A) movement congruence
B) the Warrick principle
C) frame-of-reference transformations
D) the co-location principle *

Question 20

S-R compatibility can best be described as an example of:

A) consistency of mapping
B) knowledge in the world
C) knowledge in the head
D) all of the above

Question 21

The use of phone numbers like "1-800-DONATE CARS" will:

A) help working memory but degrade S-R compatibility
B) hurt working memory but help S-R compatibility
C) help both working memory and S-R compatibility
D) hurt both working memory and S-R compatibility

Question 22

An example of the optimal modality compatibility mapping from stimulus to response is:

A) onset of a light to pushing a key
B) onset of a light to vocal naming
C) hearing a word to pushing a key
D) all of the above are equally compatible

Question 23

Which statement best expresses the relationship between compatibility and training?

A) training can fully compensate for incompatible mappings
B) training will address location compatibility issues but not movement compatibility
C) training will address modality compatibility issues but not congruence problems
D) training can compensate for incompatibility except when under stress

Question 24

The additive factors technique makes the inference that when two manipulations of RT task difficulty (A and B) influence the same stage of processing, the more difficult level of A will:

A) decrease the effect of B
B) leave the effect of B unchanged
C) increase the effect of B
D) cause B to have no effect

Question 25

When a vertical array of displays, from top-down is associated with a horizontal array of controls, from left to right, this mapping adheres to:

A) the Warrick principle
B) the co-location principle
C) the orthogonal principle
D) the congruence principle

Question 26

What are characteristics of the response that appear to influence RT?

A) RT is lengthened as the confusability between the response is increased
B) RT is lengthened by the complexity of the response
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 27

According to single channel theory of the psychological refractory period, increasing the complexity of processing the first arriving stimulus (S1) by ½ second will:

A) not delay a response to the second arriving stimulus (RT2)
B) delay RT2 by ½ second
C) delay RT2 by more than ½ second (by an amount depending on the interstimulus interval)
D) delay RT2 by less than ½ second (by an amount depending on the interstimulus interval

Question 28

Single channel theory best characterizes:

A) both perception and response selection
B) perception but not response selection
C) response selection but not perception
D) all FOUR stages of processing

Question 29

According to the decision complexity advantage:

A) complex decisions take longer than simple decisions
B) more decisions always take longer than fewer decisions
C) a larger number of simple decisions takes longer than a smaller number of complex decisions
D) decision complexity and the number of decisions trade-off perfectly, leaving RT unchanged.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a variable that influence the compatibility between control movement and the movement of the controlled entity?

A) movement in similar planes
B) population stereotypes
C) congruence of display movement
D) mismatching dimensions

Question 31

The self-paced schedule of serial RTs is better than the force paced schedule to the extent that the required processing time for each stimulus is:

A) constant
B) variable
C) short (fast)
D) long (slow)

Question 32

Delayed feedback of responses in serial RT will be least disruptive when such feedback is _____ and the user is a (an) _______.

A) extrinsic (to the response), a novice
B) intrinsic, a novice
C) extrinsic, an expert
D) intrinsic, an expert

Question 33

When people are presented with a sequence of choice RT tasks without preview, their maximum rate of responding is about:

A) 10 responses/second
B) 2-3 responses/second
C) 1 response/second
D) 1 response/ 2-3 seconds

Question 34

According to the Norman/Reason error taxonomy, there are four major categories of human errors. Which of the following is not one of these, according to the taxonomy:

A) rule based mistakes
B) slips
C) congruence errors
D) lapses

Question 35

A failure of diagnosis or situation assessment in decision making would be most likely to result from which kind of error:

A) knowledge based mistake
B) rule based mistake
C) congruence error
D) lapse

Question 36

Which type of error is most closely associated with the concept of automaticity as a causal factor:

A) mistake
B) lapse
C) slip
D) congruence error

Question 37

Failures of memory are closely associated with:

A) lapses
B) post completion errors
C) mode errors
D) all of the above

Question 38

The easiest type of error to detect by the error-maker is typically the:

A) slip
B) post completion error
C) mode error
D) all of the above are easy to detect

Question 39

When two components are placed in series, the reliability of the total system will be ____ the reliability of the individual components:

A) greater than
B) equal to
C) less than

Question 40

The reliability of two components is each 0.80. The probability that the total system will fail is 0.04 (4%). This means that the two components are probably:

A) one human and one machine
B) arranged in parallel
C) arranged in series
D) serial human and parallel machine

Question 41

Several problems are identified in applying engineering reliability analysis to human reliability: among these are the findings that:

A) human performance is influenced by stress
B) human performance is influenced by level of expertise
C) humans monitor their own error performance
D) humans often act as serial components in the system

Question 42

Applying human reliability analysis to humans and machines working together is made more difficult because of:

A) issues of high workload imposed by a poorly designed interface
B) issues of trust in unreliable automation
C) issues of selective attention when monitoring the machine
D) all of the above are identified as challenges

Question 43

Using a reminder is the best technique to avoid which kind of error:

A) slip
B) rule based mistake
C) knowledge based mistake
D) post completion error

Question 44

Effective design solutions to prevent human error are identified as:

A) avoiding similarity-based confusion
B) making system actions visible to the user
C) avoiding multi-modal systems
D) all of the above

Question 45

In two sentences, describe the relationship in a simple RT task between the variables of warning interval delay (length) and warning interval variability

Question 46

What is the difference between the speed-accuracy micro trade-off and the speed-accuracy macro trade-off? What is one factor that influences each of these?

Question 47

Show, in words and/or pictures, how congruence contributes to both location and movement compatibility

Question 48

What is the difference between the repetition effect and the alternation effect in influencing choice RT? What causes one or the other to be observed?

Question 49

What is the additive factors technique, and how does it contribute to understanding stages of human information processing?

Question 50

What is the decision complexity advantage? (DCA). Identify one example of application of the DCA to interface design. Briefly (1 sentence) describe how your example adheres to the DCA.

Question 51

What factor most strongly influences the relative effectiveness of self-pacing versus forced pacing in serial RT tasks, and why does it do so?

Question 52

Describe two factors related to preview in transcription tasks that contribute to the advantage of preview to human information processing.

Question 53

What are two major distinctions between slips and mistakes, as categories of human error?

Question 54

Describe the difference between parallel and serial configurations of error-prone (reliability < 1.0) components. Show how to compute the overall system reliability with each of these two configurations (assuming each has two components).

Question 55

Describe the Hick-Hyman law of RT. Graph it. Show how it accounts for the effect of expectancy on RT in information theory terms.

Question 56

List and describe five variables that influence movement compatibility.

Question 57

Describe the psychological refractory period and how predictions of single channel theory are tested in the typical psychological refractory period experiment by varying aspects of two RT tasks.

Question 58

Identify and clearly describe five different categories of human error within the context of a model of human information processing. Provide one example of each.

Question 59

What is human reliability analysis? List and briefly describe three main challenges with its application to human-machine system error prediction.