Deck 7: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy

Question 1

__________'s widely accepted calculation of the earth's age as just 6,000 years old lent support to the theory of __________.

A) Charles Lyell; catastrophism
B) Charles Lyell; uniformitarianism
C) James Ussher; uniformitarianism
D) James Ussher; catastrophism

Answer 1

James Ussher; catastrophism

Question 2

While on his Beagle voyage,Darwin made important observations,which eventually helped lead to his evolutionary theory.These include all the following EXCEPT

A) fossilized remains of extinct animals who resembled current species but were much larger.
B) finches with differently shaped beaks on different islands.
C) a species of short-necked giraffes in Brazil.
D) seashells embedded in rock high in the Andes.

Answer 2

a species of short-necked giraffes in Brazil.

Question 3

Adam Sedgwick and John Stevens Henslow influenced young Darwin in which of the following ways?

A) They taught him botany and geology at Cambridge.
B) They were favorably disposed to evolutionary theories.
C) They persuaded Darwin's father to allow him to go on the Beagle.
D) They encouraged Darwin to adopt uniformitarianism.

Answer 3

They taught him botany and geology at Cambridge.

Question 4

Prior to becoming a naturalist,Darwin seriously contemplated careers in which of the following fields?

A) medicine and the clergy
B) mathematics and medicine
C) the clergy and philosophy
D) medicine and philosophy

Question 5

According to Darwin,during his time as a student at Cambridge University the extracurricular activity that gave him the most pleasure was

A) playing cards.
B) eating strange foods with the Gourmet Club.
C) practicing his taxidermy skills.
D) collecting beetles.

Question 6

Which of the following provided a crucial insight that helped Darwin develop his theory of evolution by natural selection following his reading of it "for amusement"?

A) Thomas Malthus on population
B) Shakespeare's Hamlet
C) James Ussher on the age of the earth
D) James Audubon on the birds of America

Question 7

According to philosopher and theologian __________,studying the structure of an eye was "a cure for atheism."

A) James Ussher
B) Charles Lyell
C) John Stevens Henslow
D) William Paley

Question 8

A British political economist and demographer whose writings on population growth influenced Charles Darwin's development of the theory of evolution by natural selection was

A) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
B) Thomas Malthus.
C) George Romanes.
D) Charles Lyell.

Question 9

During his time aboard the Beagle Darwin's nickname was

A) "Philosopher."
B) "Collector."
C) "Hunter."
D) "Landlubber."

Question 10

What was the most revolutionary aspect of Darwin's theory as published in his 1859 The Origin of Species?

A) the notion of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution
B) the notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
C) the notion of sexual selection as the mechanism for evolution
D) the general notion of the evolution of species

Question 11

While on his Beagle voyage,Darwin's biological discoveries led him to adopt two general lines of thinking that would prove important to the development of his theory of evolution.These two lines of thinking emphasized the geographical distributions of species and the

A) adaptive functions of animals' distinctive characteristics.
B) genetic relationship between species.
C) sexual behavior of animals.
D) fundamental differences between human beings and other animals.

Question 12

Zoologist __________ proposed that species evolve as a result of the inheritance of physical characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime,such as through the use or disuse of specific body parts.

A) Thomas Malthus
B) Erasmus Darwin
C) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
D) William Paley

Question 13

The philosopher and theologian William Paley is best remembered for promoting which idea?

A) evolution via sexual selection
B) the argument from design
C) catastrophism
D) the value of a comparative psychology

Question 14

Uniformitarianism and catastrophism were opposing theories from the nineteenth century concerning

A) the origin of species.
B) the theory of natural selection.
C) the processes by which the major natural features of the earth were created.
D) choices among variants of evolutionary theory.

Question 15

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,as presented in his The Origin of Species,presupposed the existence of

A) variable psychological characteristics in human beings.
B) several fixed groups of species.
C) inheritable small individual differences.
D) genes as hereditary units.

Question 16

Although Darwin is best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection and his biological expertise,he also made important contributions to which field?

A) mathematics
B) anthropology
C) geology
D) anatomy

Question 17

What was a major factor that converted Darwin to the uniformitarian viewpoint during his Beagle voyage?

A) Captain FitzRoy's endorsement of the idea
B) the presence of fossilized seashells high in the mountains
C) his observations of exotic wildlife
D) his observations of exotic plants

Question 18

Robert FitzRoy became an important figure in Darwin's life because he

A) was Darwin's beetle-collecting mentor at Cambridge.
B) convinced Darwin to leave medical school.
C) took Darwin on as his Beagle dining companion and ship naturalist.
D) taught Darwin the elements of geology.

Question 19

Both __________ and __________ helped bring the idea of evolved species to scientific awareness,but without suggesting a plausible mechanism by which evolution could occur.

A) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Erasmus Darwin
B) Robert FitzRoy; William Paley
C) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Charles Darwin
D) Thomas Malthus; Erasmus Darwin

Question 20

The English geologist Charles Lyell promoted and supported which geological theory?

A) catastrophism
B) natural selection
C) uniformitarianism
D) plate tectonics

Question 21

__________ became known as "Darwin's Bulldog" and staunchly supported Darwin's theory in a celebrated 1860 debate with the Bishop of Oxford.

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C) Thomas H. Huxley
D) Charles Lyell

Question 22

One of the purposes of Darwin's book,The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,was to show that

A) many human reactions with no obvious survival or utilitarian value today did have an adaptive purpose in the evolutionary past.
B) animals and humans have very different emotional responses.
C) human emotional expressions vary widely across different cultures.
D) many human reactions with a clear adaptive purpose today had no adaptive purpose in the past.

Question 23

In the years immediately after he made the theory of evolution public,Darwin's theory received support from two new scientific discoveries: an ancient gorilla with features previously thought to be exclusively human and

A) fossil remains of an ancient bird with "fingers" on its wings.
B) clear evidence of earthquakes raising coastlines.
C) proof that purebred dogs could interbreed.
D) evidence of the optical imperfections of the eye.

Question 24

A Victorian-era theory holding that the mainly non-European,"savage" peoples represented a distinctly different species of being was known as

A) social Darwinism.
B) polygenesis.
C) monogenesis.
D) sociobiology.

Question 25

When it came to the intelligence of men and women Darwin believed

A) men and women were equally intelligent.
B) the most intelligent men are smarter than the most intelligent women.
C) the most intelligent women are smarter than the most intelligent men.
D) differences in the education men and women meant that innate differences in intelligence could not be assessed.

Question 26

The idea that political systems and societies evolve and "progress" due to unbridled competition and "the survival of the fittest" is often referred to as

A) sociobiology.
B) social Darwinism.
C) comparative psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 27

In Darwin's "Biographical Sketch of an Infant" he suggested that perhaps an individual's development proceeds along roughly the same lines as the previous evolution of the species to which it belongs.This idea became summarized by the term

A) social Darwinism.
B) polygenism.
C) the complementarity hypothesis.
D) ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.

Question 28

Darwin delayed publishing The Origin of Species for 18 years because

A) he was uncertain of his own hypotheses.
B) he was ill and unable to finish the work in a timely fashion.
C) he believed the theory would require a massive amount of supporting evidence before being taken seriously.
D) on the basis of his own religious views, Darwin's father asked him not to publish it.

Question 29

Darwin's so-called "variation hypothesis" suggests that

A) males have been more modified by evolution and show more variation than females.
B) females have been more modified by evolution and show more variation than males.
C) males and females have been equally modified by evolution but males show more variation.
D) reproduction between males and females causes variation in the human species.

Question 30

Darwin posited a theory of "sexual selection" to help account for

A) the evolution of qualities such as beauty, which lacked obvious "adaptive" value.
B) the evolution of intelligence.
C) the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
D) his belief in the equality of the sexes.

Question 31

Darwin discussed human psychology in depth in all of the following publications EXCEPT

A) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
B) "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant"
C) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
D) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Question 32

__________ was a younger friend and follower of Darwin's who used Darwin's notes on animal behavior in helping to found the new field of comparative psychology.

A) Herbert Spencer
B) George Romanes
C) Thomas H. Huxley
D) Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 33

The theory of evolution by natural selection did not cause a sensation until

A) Darwin presented the theory at a meeting of the Linnean Society.
B) Alfred Russel Wallace returned from the East Indies to promote the theory alongside Darwin.
C) Alfred Russel Wallace sent Darwin key evidence for the theory from the East Indies.
D) Darwin laid out ample evidence for the theory in The Origin of Species.

Question 34

Alfred Russel Wallace is known for which of the following?

A) independently developing the theory of evolution by natural selection and having a paper on it read jointly with one by Darwin in 1858
B) anticipating Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection by several years but neglecting to publish it
C) collaborating with Darwin on a paper describing the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858
D) plagiarizing much of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and presenting it as his own at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858

Question 35

In Darwin's "Biographical Sketch of an Infant" he reported on

A) comparisons between his own child's behavior and that of the animal species he had observed while in the Galapagos.
B) comparisons between his own child's behavior and that of one of his nephews.
C) the development of his own child's reflexes, emotions, and earliest moral development.
D) the development of his own child's "abnormalities."

Question 36

Darwin's writings about human psychology issues included all of the following subjects EXCEPT

A) emotions.
B) child development.
C) gender differences.
D) consciousness and will.

Question 37

In Darwin's 1871 book The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex,he theorized that

A) there are fundamental qualitative differences between humans and animals in terms of mental faculties.
B) human beings have descended from animal ancestors.
C) primitive and "savage" human groups represent separate species.
D) human beings are immune to the influence of natural selection.

Question 38

After years of delay,Darwin made public his theory of evolution because he

A) thought he had finally perfected the theory.
B) felt able to fully address arguments against the theory.
C) discovered that another naturalist had arrived at the same theory.
D) finished writing his more than 3,000-page book, Natural Selection.

Question 39

Darwin's view that males surpass females intellectually while females are stronger than men in the moral virtues is sometimes called the

A) variation hypothesis.
B) complementarity hypothesis.
C) comparative hypothesis.
D) continuance hypothesis.

Question 40

Unlike Descartes,Darwin argued that animals demonstrate at least the rudiments of

A) emotion.
B) intelligence.
C) reason.
D) passions.

Question 41

A recently developed approach hypothesizing that the unit of evolution is the individual gene rather than the individual organism or the group is called

A) social Darwinism.
B) sociobiology.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 42

Match the definition with the term.
uniformitarianism

A)hypothesizes the common ancestry and relatedness of all human groups
B)hypothesizes that different human ethnic groups constitute distinct species
C)hypothesizes that geological features of the earth have resulted from a few sud-den and massive disasters
D)hypothesizes that the geological features of the earth have resulted from gradual processes over immense periods of time

Question 43

Match the definition with the term.
complementarity of the sexes

A)the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-ble for reproductive success
B)the idea that men and women have evolved different,but compatible,psycholog-ical characteristics
C)the idea that men have been more modified by evolution than women

Question 44

Support for social Darwinism in the United States subsided after the

A) rise of free enterprise capitalism.
B) devastation of the Second World War.
C) economic collapse of the late 1920s and the subsequent Great Depression.
D) devastation of the First World War.

Question 45

Match the book with its author.
George J.Romanes

A)Animal Intelligence
B)Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Coun-tries Visited during the Voyages of the H.M.S.Beagle,under the Command of Captain FitzRoy,R.N.,from 1832 to 1836
C)The Principles of Geology

Question 46

Match the definition with the term.
argument from design

A)the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-ble for reproductive success
B)the idea that species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that they must have been created as finished products by some powerful and knowledgeable creator
C)those organisms best adapted for a particular environment will survive and propa-gate,thus passing on their characteristics through the generations

Question 47

Match the book with its author.
Charles Lyell

A)Animal Intelligence
B)Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Coun-tries Visited during the Voyages of the H.M.S.Beagle,under the Command of Captain FitzRoy,R.N.,from 1832 to 1836
C)The Principles of Geology

Question 48

Match the definition with the term.
catastrophism

A)hypothesizes the common ancestry and relatedness of all human groups
B)hypothesizes that different human ethnic groups constitute distinct species
C)hypothesizes that geological features of the earth have resulted from a few sud-den and massive disasters
D)hypothesizes that the geological features of the earth have resulted from gradual processes over immense periods of time

Question 49

Match the definition with the term.
sexual selection

A)the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-ble for reproductive success
B)the idea that men and women have evolved different,but compatible,psycholog-ical characteristics
C)the idea that men have been more modified by evolution than women

Question 50

Match the idea with the individual who promoted it.
Alfred Russel Wallace

A)evolutionary theory expressed poetically
B)evolution by natural selection
C)the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 51

Match the definition with the term.
polygenesis

A)hypothesizes the common ancestry and relatedness of all human groups
B)hypothesizes that different human ethnic groups constitute distinct species
C)hypothesizes that geological features of the earth have resulted from a few sud-den and massive disasters
D)hypothesizes that the geological features of the earth have resulted from gradual processes over immense periods of time

Question 52

Match the definition with the term.
sexual selection

A)the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-ble for reproductive success
B)the idea that species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that they must have been created as finished products by some powerful and knowledgeable creator
C)those organisms best adapted for a particular environment will survive and propa-gate,thus passing on their characteristics through the generations

Question 53

Match the definition with the term.
monogenesis

A)hypothesizes the common ancestry and relatedness of all human groups
B)hypothesizes that different human ethnic groups constitute distinct species
C)hypothesizes that geological features of the earth have resulted from a few sud-den and massive disasters
D)hypothesizes that the geological features of the earth have resulted from gradual processes over immense periods of time

Question 54

A recently developed subdiscipline that analyzes psychological functions in terms of independently evolved "modules" and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past is called

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) comparative psychology.
C) sociobiology.
D) archeological psychology.

Question 55

Match the book with its author.
Charles Darwin

A)Animal Intelligence
B)Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Coun-tries Visited during the Voyages of the H.M.S.Beagle,under the Command of Captain FitzRoy,R.N.,from 1832 to 1836
C)The Principles of Geology

Question 56

Match the idea with the individual who promoted it.
Erasmus Darwin

A)evolutionary theory expressed poetically
B)evolution by natural selection
C)the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 57

The study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of various animals,in order to better understanding human functioning,is known as

A) comparative psychology.
B) sociobiology.
C) social Darwinism.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 58

Match the definition with the term.
variation hypothesis

A)the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-ble for reproductive success
B)the idea that men and women have evolved different,but compatible,psycholog-ical characteristics
C)the idea that men have been more modified by evolution than women

Question 59

Herbert Spencer is known for being all of the following EXCEPT as a promotor of

A) the theory of social Darwinism.
B) the phrase "survival of the fittest."
C) sociobiology.
D) Lamarck's theory of evolution.

Question 60

Match the definition with the term.
natural selection

A)the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-ble for reproductive success
B)the idea that species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that they must have been created as finished products by some powerful and knowledgeable creator
C)those organisms best adapted for a particular environment will survive and propa-gate,thus passing on their characteristics through the generations

Question 61

Match Darwin's publication with the topic that it addressed.
child development

A)"A Biographical Sketch of an Infant"
B)The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex
C)The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Question 62

Match the definition with the term.
sociobiology

A)approach that hypothesizes that the unit of evolution is the individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group
B)the analysis of psychological functions in terms of independently evolved "mod-ules" and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past
C)the idea that political systems and societies evolve and "progress" due to unbri-dled competition and "the survival of the fittest"
D)the study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of var-ious animals,in order to better understanding human functioning

Question 63

Match the accomplishment with the individual.
Thomas Henry Huxley

A)biologist and advocate of natural selection who was known as "Darwin's bull-dog."
B)captain of the H.M.S.Beagle.
C)professor of Botany at Cambridge University who recommended Darwin for the position of naturalist on a survey ship.

Question 64

After years of delay,why did Darwin decide to make his theory of natural selection public?

Question 65

Match the theory with the individual who promoted it.
James Ussher

A)Based on the ages of the Old Testament patriarchs,the earth is only about 6,000 years old.
B)Most humans are destined to live in poverty because population increases more quickly than food production.
C)Species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that some powerful and knowl-edgeable creator must have created them as finished products.

Question 66

Match the theory with the individual.
Herbert Spencer

A)comparative psychology
B)emotional universals
C)social Darwinism

Question 67

Match the idea with the individual who promoted it.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A)evolutionary theory expressed poetically
B)evolution by natural selection
C)the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 68

Match the theory with the individual who promoted it.
Thomas Malthus

A)Based on the ages of the Old Testament patriarchs,the earth is only about 6,000 years old.
B)Most humans are destined to live in poverty because population increases more quickly than food production.
C)Species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that some powerful and knowl-edgeable creator must have created them as finished products.

Question 69

Match Darwin's publication with the topic that it addressed.
gender differences

A)"A Biographical Sketch of an Infant"
B)The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex
C)The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Question 70

Match the theory with the individual.
George Romanes

A)comparative psychology
B)emotional universals
C)social Darwinism

Question 71

Match the accomplishment with the individual.
Robert FitzRoy

A)biologist and advocate of natural selection who was known as "Darwin's bull-dog."
B)captain of the H.M.S.Beagle.
C)professor of Botany at Cambridge University who recommended Darwin for the position of naturalist on a survey ship.

Question 72

Match the theory with the individual.
Paul Ekman

A)comparative psychology
B)emotional universals
C)social Darwinism

Question 73

Match the definition with the term.
comparative psychology

A)approach that hypothesizes that the unit of evolution is the individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group
B)the analysis of psychological functions in terms of independently evolved "mod-ules" and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past
C)the idea that political systems and societies evolve and "progress" due to unbri-dled competition and "the survival of the fittest"
D)the study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of var-ious animals,in order to better understanding human functioning

Question 74

Match the accomplishment with the individual.
John Stevens Henslow

A)biologist and advocate of natural selection who was known as "Darwin's bull-dog."
B)captain of the H.M.S.Beagle.
C)professor of Botany at Cambridge University who recommended Darwin for the position of naturalist on a survey ship.

Question 75

Match the definition with the term.
evolutionary psychology

A)approach that hypothesizes that the unit of evolution is the individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group
B)the analysis of psychological functions in terms of independently evolved "mod-ules" and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past
C)the idea that political systems and societies evolve and "progress" due to unbri-dled competition and "the survival of the fittest"
D)the study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of var-ious animals,in order to better understanding human functioning

Question 76

Match the definition with the term.
social Darwinism

A)approach that hypothesizes that the unit of evolution is the individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group
B)the analysis of psychological functions in terms of independently evolved "mod-ules" and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past
C)the idea that political systems and societies evolve and "progress" due to unbri-dled competition and "the survival of the fittest"
D)the study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of var-ious animals,in order to better understanding human functioning

Question 77

Match Darwin's publication with the topic that it addressed.
emotions

A)"A Biographical Sketch of an Infant"
B)The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex
C)The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Question 78

How was Thomas Malthus's work important to Darwin's thinking about evolution?

Question 79

Define the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 80

Match the theory with the individual who promoted it.
William Paley

A)Based on the ages of the Old Testament patriarchs,the earth is only about 6,000 years old.
B)Most humans are destined to live in poverty because population increases more quickly than food production.
C)Species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that some powerful and knowl-edgeable creator must have created them as finished products.