Deck 9: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike

Question 1

James's Principles asserted the following about human acts of will.

A) The sense of willing is completely an illusion as all human behavior is predetermined.
B) Acts of will are strongly accompanied by attention, and he left it an open question as to whether they are mechanistically determined or "free."
C) They are clear examples of behavior that is not mechanistically determined.
D) The sensation of freely willing one's own behavior becomes stronger as a person matures.

Answer 1

Acts of will are strongly accompanied by attention, and he left it an open question as to whether they are mechanistically determined or "free."

Question 2

James believed that the best metaphor for conscious thought is as a

A) chemical compound.
B) network of associations.
C) stream.
D) soaring kite.

Answer 2

stream.

Question 3

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,which of the following sequences is correct?

A) We are insulted by a rival, get angry, and strike.
B) We see a rainbow, feel happy, and smile.
C) We suffer a great loss, weep, and feel sorry.
D) We meet a bear, feel frightened, and run.

Answer 3

We suffer a great loss, weep, and feel sorry.

Question 4

As part of his recovery from his personal crisis,William James adopted philosopher and psychologist __________'s practice of repeating morally desirable actions (in James's case,more optimistic thoughts)so that they become permanent and automatic __________.

A) Alexander Bain; habits
B) Alexander Bain; associations
C) Charles Renouvier; habits
D) Charles Renouvier; emotions

Question 5

Psychologist __________ said that fellow psychologist __________'s form of psychology "could hardly have arisen in a country whose natives could be bored… There is little of the grand style about these new prism,pendulum,and chronograph-philosophers.They mean business,not chivalry."

A) William James; Wilhelm Wundt
B) Wilhelm Wundt; William James
C) William James; G. Stanley Hall
D) G. Stanley Hall; Wilhelm Wundt

Question 6

William James's personal crisis was resolved in part because of his reading the following philosophical work.

A) John Locke on associationism
B) Emmanuel Swedenborg on "vastations"
C) David Hume on causality
D) Charles Renouvier on free will

Question 7

William James's most important contribution to psychology was probably

A) an infectious enthusiasm and point of view that made psychology seem interesting and attractive.
B) his series of experiments on consciousness.
C) his theory of language and society.
D) his system of psychotherapy.

Question 8

James's theory of emotion holds that emotions are

A) the causes of internal bodily changes.
B) the perceptions of internal bodily changes.
C) unstable glandular responses to fleeting external stimuli.
D) the result of specific chemical secretions in the body.

Question 9

James's theory suggested that emotional states could most effectively be changed by

A) behaving as if they were different.
B) changing one's surroundings and getting away from it all.
C) clearly bringing out the suppressed ideas that cause them.
D) intensive psychotherapy.

Question 10

James succeeded as a teacher of psychology in large part because he

A) had the best equipped experimental psychology laboratory and could demonstrate the new scientific psychology in an exciting way.
B) had an engaging teaching style and the ability to make the findings of psychology personally relevant to his students.
C) was able to incorporate literary references from his brother's and other popular novelists' work into his lectures.
D) was able to incorporate his exciting new theories of language into his teaching.

Question 11

What was James's stand on the free-will determinism issue?

A) He believed all things to be completely determined.
B) As a psychologist he accepted determinism, but in his other roles he accepted free will.
C) He believed in free will and argued that psychologists had a major obligation to account for it in their theories.
D) He felt it was a foolish issue that ought not to be considered at all.

Question 12

William James's theories regarding habit were influenced by which of the following?

A) Bain's neural connection theory of habit
B) Wundt's introspective view of habit
C) Titchener's structuralist view of habit
D) Hall's evolutionary theory of habit

Question 13

William James clearly established himself as an outstanding teacher of psychology with the publication of his 1890 book entitled

A) Handbook of Physiological Psychology.
B) The Principles of Psychology.
C) Varieties of Religious Experience.
D) Pragmatism.

Question 14

William James's The Principles of Psychology is notable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) it was written in a pleasant literary style.
B) it took James 12 years to complete.
C) it outlined his unique, comprehensive system of scientific psychology.
D) it quickly became the leading English-language psychology text.

Question 15

James's The Principles of Psychology had chapters on all of the following EXCEPT

A) the unconscious.
B) will.
C) habit.
D) emotion.

Question 16

A criterion for "truth" that William James adopted early and retained throughout his life was to accept as true

A) ideas that it proved useful to believe in.
B) only ideas that could not be doubted.
C) only ideas that had been proven valid by experiment.
D) only things that he had seen or experienced for himself.

Question 17

All of the following are true of William James's family members EXCEPT

A) his father's personal crisis was resolved when he encountered the work of mystical philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg.
B) his brother Henry James Jr. became a great novelist.
C) his sister Alice James was intellectually gifted but denied educational opportunities because she was female.
D) his mother was a well-known spiritualist and medium.

Question 18

What was the name James gave to his philosophical approach?

A) logical positivism
B) creative evolution
C) pragmatism
D) radical skepticism

Question 19

A famous passage in James's textbook described __________ as "the enormous flywheel of society," which "saves the children of fortune from the uprisings of the poor," and "dooms us all to fight out the battle of life upon the lines of our nurture or our early choice."

A) instinct
B) emotion
C) habit
D) personal character

Question 20

The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that

A) emotion is a consequence rather than a cause of the bodily changes associated with it.
B) emotions cause bodily changes such as sweating and a rapid heartbeat.
C) emotions and bodily changes occur at the same time.
D) emotions and bodily changes occur completely independent of one another.

Question 21

Although his Ph.D.was nominally in philosophy,psychologist __________ was awarded the first American Ph.D.for research in experimental psychology.

A) Mary Whiton Calkins
B) Edward Thorndike
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) William James

Question 22

In order to equip the psychological laboratory she established at Wellesley College,Mary Whiton Calkins consulted with which psychologist?

A) William James
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) Edmund Sanford
D) Edward Thorndike

Question 23

Who was the first President of the American Psychological Association?

A) William James
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) Edward Lee Thorndike
D) Mary Calkins

Question 24

Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D.in psychology?

A) Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Hall
B) Kenneth B. Clark, supervised by James
C) Mamie Phipps Clark, supervised by Thorndike
D) Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Calkins

Question 25

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark were students of __________ and are known for __________.

A) Francis Cecil Sumner; conducting the famous doll studies of racial identity in black and white children that were cited as part of the U.S. Supreme Court case that desegregated public schools
B) Mary Whiton Calkins; creating the paired-associates technique
C) Francis Cecil Sumner; creating the paired-associates technique
D) Edward Thorndike; conducting the famous doll studies of racial identity in black and white children that were cited as part of the U.S. Supreme Court case that desegregated public schools

Question 26

Mary Whiton Calkins's research on "paired associates" revealed that

A) numerals associated with vivid colors were remembered somewhat better than those with neutral colors.
B) women had better recall of number-color pairs than men did.
C) strong emotions could be triggered easily with vivid colors.
D) responses that were followed by pleasure were strengthened while those followed by pain tended to be "stamped out."

Question 27

Three women were featured as "star" psychologists in the 1903 edition of American Men of Science.Which of the following was NOT one of them?

A) Mary Calkins
B) Margaret Washburn
C) Christine Ladd-Franklin
D) Eleanor Gibson

Question 28

Psychologist __________ was a leading figure in the __________ movement,an effort to systematically gather information about children in order to develop more effective educational practices.

A) Edward Lee Thorndike; child development
B) William James; pragmatist
C) Mary Whiton Calkins; recapitulationism
D) G. Stanley Hall; child study

Question 29

Which of the following was NOT true regarding the career of Mary Whiton Calkins?

A) She became President of both the American Psychological and American Philosophical Associations.
B) She was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard.
C) She published articles on association and dreams while still a student.
D) She promoted an influential psychology of the self.

Question 30

Which the following was NOT one of G.Stanley Hall's important contributions?

A) founding of the American Psychological Association
B) introducing the term "adolescence" to a wide audience
C) conducting pioneering research on learning in white rats
D) bringing Freud to America and publicizing his theory

Question 31

G.Stanley Hall's beliefs about race and gender were informed by his __________ views.For instance,he believed __________ needed to express their "savage" nature to reach their full potential and that the reproductive organs of __________ could be damaged by prolonged education.

A) structuralist; girls; non-Caucasian men
B) associationist; boys; Caucasian women
C) recapitulationist; Caucasian boys; women
D) pragmatist; non-Caucasian boys; women

Question 32

William James's attitude toward spiritism and psychical research is best described as

A) complete skepticism as he argued strenuously against the reality of all paranormal phenomena.
B) firm belief in the genuineness and reality of at least some paranormal phenomena.
C) actively encouraging and participating in psychical research and being disappointed when experiments turned out negatively.
D) simply ignoring all attempts to attract his interest in the subject.

Question 33

What controversial decision did G.Stanley Hall make when starting the American Journal of Psychology?

A) He decided only American psychologists could publish in the journal.
B) He accepted money to help fund the journal from a wealthy member of the American Society for Psychical Research but had no intention of publishing psychical studies.
C) He decided that only German language articles would appear in the journal.
D) He accepted money to help fund the journal from a wealthy member of a religious group but had no intention of publishing religious studies.

Question 34

The "Metaphysical Club," to which James belonged as a young man,was devoted to

A) philosophical discussion of questions such as Darwinism and the pragmatic evaluation of scientific ideas.
B) critical discussion of the "new" experimental psychology, its methods, and techniques.
C) discussion of new books and their literary as well as scientific value.
D) informal discussions between Harvard teachers and their best students on current topics.

Question 35

The self-psychology developed by Mary Whiton Calkins regarded the self as

A) determined largely by operations at the unconscious level.
B) active, guiding, purposeful, and present in all acts of consciousness.
C) a construction of mechanistic psychology.
D) largely defined by personality characteristics.

Question 36

Which the following was NOT one of James's eminent students?

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) Mary Whiton Calkins
C) Edward Thorndike
D) James Roland Angell

Question 37

In The Varieties of Religious Experience James characterized science as objective,general,and impersonal and religion as subjective,individual,and personal.What was his final stance when it came to science and religion?

A) He advocated science as superior to religion.
B) He argued the two were complementary and equal in standing.
C) He held that science and religion were not comparable with each other.
D) He held that religion deals with issues of greater ultimate importance.

Question 38

__________ coined the term pragmatism,which holds that knowledge can never be certain but instead that ideas __________.

A) Charles Sanders Peirce; are true when we believe them to be true
B) Charles Sanders Peirce; work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world
C) William James; work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world
D) William James; are true when we believe them to be true

Question 39

__________ was a Wundt-trained German psychologist recruited to Harvard by William James in 1892 to take over main responsibility for psychology.

A) Hugo Münsterberg
B) E. B. Titchener
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 40

G.Stanley Hall advocated which of the following approaches in his theory of child development?

A) a "structuralist" view, that the child passes through several distinct cognitive stages
B) a "recapitulationist" view, that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
C) a "functional" view, that the child progresses via trial-and-error learning experiences
D) a "Freudian" view, that the child passes through several sexually oriented stages

Question 41

Match the contribution with its originator.
Edward Lee Thorndike

A)self-psychology
B)stream of consciousness
C)trial-and-error learning

Question 42

Match the definition with the term.
pragmatism

A)a system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses atten-tion on the utility and purpose of behavior
B)psychology of the self,according to which the self is active,guiding,purposeful,and present in all acts of consciousness
C)the notion that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
D)viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain,but rather work with vary-ing effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 43

The finding that when certain stimulus-response sequences are followed by pleasure they are strengthened and when followed by annoyance or pain they tend to be "stamped out" exemplifies

A) Thorndike's law of effect.
B) Calkins's paired associates relationship.
C) Hall's law of reinforced learning.
D) The James-Lange theory of emotion.

Question 44

Match the definition with the term.
law of effect

A)apparently random behavior that accidentally produces correct responses,which then occur with greater frequency
B)the idea that exercise or instruction in one mental function has an effect on per-formance in other functions
C)the stamping in of stimulus-response sequences that are followed by pleasure

Question 45

Match the definition with the term.
trial-and-error learning

A)apparently random behavior that accidentally produces correct responses,which then occur with greater frequency
B)the idea that exercise or instruction in one mental function has an effect on per-formance in other functions
C)the stamping in of stimulus-response sequences that are followed by pleasure

Question 46

The system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses attention on the utility and purpose of behavior is known as

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) associationism.
D) pragmatism.

Question 47

Match the study with the psychologist(s).
Mary Whiton Calkins

A)famous doll studies of racial identity development
B)study of associative learning using the paired-associates technique
C)study of trial-and-error learning using cats in makeshift puzzle boxes

Question 48

Match the contribution with its originator.
Mary Whiton Calkins

A)self-psychology
B)stream of consciousness
C)trial-and-error learning

Question 49

Match the definition with the term.
functionalism

A)a system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses atten-tion on the utility and purpose of behavior
B)psychology of the self,according to which the self is active,guiding,purposeful,and present in all acts of consciousness
C)the notion that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
D)viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain,but rather work with vary-ing effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 50

Match the idea promoted by William James with the other individual who suggested it.
Alexander Bain

A)emotion is a consequence,rather than cause,of physiological reactions
B)free will is "the sustaining of a thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts"
C)good habits may be established through the voluntary repetition of morally desir-able actions that become permanently impressed in the nervous system
D)pragmatism is a viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain but rather work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 51

Match the definition with the term.
transfer of training

A)apparently random behavior that accidentally produces correct responses,which then occur with greater frequency
B)the idea that exercise or instruction in one mental function has an effect on per-formance in other functions
C)the stamping in of stimulus-response sequences that are followed by pleasure

Question 52

In the early 1900s Edward Thorndike collaborated with Robert S.Woodworth in an influential study of

A) maze learning in cats.
B) the genetics of intelligence.
C) the transfer of training in humans.
D) trial-and-error learning.

Question 53

Match the study with the psychologist(s).
Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark

A)famous doll studies of racial identity development
B)study of associative learning using the paired-associates technique
C)study of trial-and-error learning using cats in makeshift puzzle boxes

Question 54

Match the definition with the term.
self-psychology

A)a system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses atten-tion on the utility and purpose of behavior
B)psychology of the self,according to which the self is active,guiding,purposeful,and present in all acts of consciousness
C)the notion that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
D)viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain,but rather work with vary-ing effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 55

Match the study with the psychologist(s).
Edward Lee Thorndike

A)famous doll studies of racial identity development
B)study of associative learning using the paired-associates technique
C)study of trial-and-error learning using cats in makeshift puzzle boxes

Question 56

Match the contribution with its originator.
William James

A)self-psychology
B)stream of consciousness
C)trial-and-error learning

Question 57

Match the idea promoted by William James with the other individual who suggested it.
Carl Lange

A)emotion is a consequence,rather than cause,of physiological reactions
B)free will is "the sustaining of a thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts"
C)good habits may be established through the voluntary repetition of morally desir-able actions that become permanently impressed in the nervous system
D)pragmatism is a viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain but rather work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 58

Match the definition with the term.
recapitulationism

A)a system of psychology that grew out of Darwinian thinking and focuses atten-tion on the utility and purpose of behavior
B)psychology of the self,according to which the self is active,guiding,purposeful,and present in all acts of consciousness
C)the notion that individual development parallels the evolution of the species
D)viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain,but rather work with vary-ing effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 59

Edna Heidbreder is notable for what contribution to psychology?

A) She was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
B) She established the first psychological laboratory at a women's college in the United States.
C) She developed self-psychology.
D) She wrote the highly influential book, Seven Psychologies, which explored the question of what a system of psychology is.

Question 60

Edward Thorndike's early research on learning involved which kinds of subjects?

A) human children
B) chickens and cats
C) white rats
D) rhesus monkeys

Question 61

Match the book with its author.
G.Stanley Hall

A)Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology,Anthropology,Sociol-ogy,Sex,Crime,Religion and Education
B)Seven Psychologies
C)The Emotions and the Will
D)The Varieties of Religious Experience

Question 62

Match the book with its author.
Alexander Bain

A)Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology,Anthropology,Sociol-ogy,Sex,Crime,Religion and Education
B)Seven Psychologies
C)The Emotions and the Will
D)The Varieties of Religious Experience

Question 63

Match the area of interest with the individual.
William James

A)animal psychology
B)child study
C)psychology of the self
D)spiritism and psychical research

Question 64

Match the area of interest with the individual.
Mary Whiton Calkins

A)animal psychology
B)child study
C)psychology of the self
D)spiritism and psychical research

Question 65

Match the achievement with the individual.
G.Stanley Hall

A)established the first American English-language journal devoted to the new exper-imental psychology
B)established the first psychological laboratory at a women's college in the United States
C)wrote the first highly successful American English-language textbook covering the new experimental psychology

Question 66

Match the psychologist and project with their research partner.
Edmund C.Sanford

A)Edward Lee Thorndike's study of transfer of training
B)Mamie Phipps Clark's doll study of racial identity development
C)Mary Whiton Calkins's experimental study of dreams

Question 67

Match the achievement with the individual.
Francis Cecil Sumner

A)first African American to earn a Ph.D.in psychology
B)first female president of the American Psychological Association
C)first individual to earn a Ph.D.in the United States for research in experimental psychology
D)This psychologist's study was cited in a brief submitted in a U.S.Supreme Court case.

Question 68

Match the area of interest with the individual.
Edward Lee Thorndike

A)animal psychology
B)child study
C)psychology of the self
D)spiritism and psychical research

Question 69

Match the idea promoted by William James with the other individual who suggested it.
Charles Renouvier

A)emotion is a consequence,rather than cause,of physiological reactions
B)free will is "the sustaining of a thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts"
C)good habits may be established through the voluntary repetition of morally desir-able actions that become permanently impressed in the nervous system
D)pragmatism is a viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain but rather work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 70

Match the psychologist and project with their research partner.
Robert Sessions Woodworth

A)Edward Lee Thorndike's study of transfer of training
B)Mamie Phipps Clark's doll study of racial identity development
C)Mary Whiton Calkins's experimental study of dreams

Question 71

Match the area of interest with the individual.
G.Stanley Hall

A)animal psychology
B)child study
C)psychology of the self
D)spiritism and psychical research

Question 72

Match the achievement with the individual.
Mary Whiton Calkins

A)first African American to earn a Ph.D.in psychology
B)first female president of the American Psychological Association
C)first individual to earn a Ph.D.in the United States for research in experimental psychology
D)This psychologist's study was cited in a brief submitted in a U.S.Supreme Court case.

Question 73

Match the achievement with the individual.
G.Stanley Hall

A)first African American to earn a Ph.D.in psychology
B)first female president of the American Psychological Association
C)first individual to earn a Ph.D.in the United States for research in experimental psychology
D)This psychologist's study was cited in a brief submitted in a U.S.Supreme Court case.

Question 74

Match the psychologist and project with their research partner.
Kenneth Clark

A)Edward Lee Thorndike's study of transfer of training
B)Mamie Phipps Clark's doll study of racial identity development
C)Mary Whiton Calkins's experimental study of dreams

Question 75

Match the achievement with the individual.
Mary Whiton Calkins

A)established the first American English-language journal devoted to the new exper-imental psychology
B)established the first psychological laboratory at a women's college in the United States
C)wrote the first highly successful American English-language textbook covering the new experimental psychology

Question 76

Match the idea promoted by William James with the other individual who suggested it.
Charles Sanders Peirce

A)emotion is a consequence,rather than cause,of physiological reactions
B)free will is "the sustaining of a thought because I choose to when I might have other thoughts"
C)good habits may be established through the voluntary repetition of morally desir-able actions that become permanently impressed in the nervous system
D)pragmatism is a viewpoint according to which ideas are never certain but rather work with varying effectiveness in adapting to the world

Question 77

Match the book with its author.
William James

A)Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology,Anthropology,Sociol-ogy,Sex,Crime,Religion and Education
B)Seven Psychologies
C)The Emotions and the Will
D)The Varieties of Religious Experience

Question 78

Match the achievement with the individual.
Mamie Phipps Clark

A)first African American to earn a Ph.D.in psychology
B)first female president of the American Psychological Association
C)first individual to earn a Ph.D.in the United States for research in experimental psychology
D)This psychologist's study was cited in a brief submitted in a U.S.Supreme Court case.

Question 79

Match the achievement with the individual.
William James

A)established the first American English-language journal devoted to the new exper-imental psychology
B)established the first psychological laboratory at a women's college in the United States
C)wrote the first highly successful American English-language textbook covering the new experimental psychology

Question 80

Match the book with its author.
Edna Heidbreder

A)Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology,Anthropology,Sociol-ogy,Sex,Crime,Religion and Education
B)Seven Psychologies
C)The Emotions and the Will
D)The Varieties of Religious Experience