Deck 4: Developmental Pathways

Question 1

Adolescent-limited delinquents begin engaging in delinquency through which of the following?

A) Peer pressure
B) An absence of adequate parental supervision
C) Antisocial structural turning points
D) Coercive interactions with parents
E) Social mimicry of antisocial lifestyles

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is a pattern or trend in delinquent and criminal behaviour identified by longitudinal research?

A) A small proportion of chronic offenders account for a large proportion of total crime.
B) The age of onset of criminal behaviour is strongly related to the duration and seriousness of later criminal activity.
C) Criminal activity increases during adolescence and declines in early adulthood.
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is one of the major limitations of longitudinal research on delinquency and later adult crime?

A) Samples are comprised entirely of boys.
B) Samples are not random.
C) Definitions of crime and delinquency are invalid.
D) Samples are comprised entirely of girls.
E) They have not been replicated by more recent research.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Moffitt argues that antisocial behaviour continues into adulthood for life-course persistent delinquents because of which of the following?

A) The benefits of antisocial behaviour continue to outweigh the costs associated with such behaviour.
B) They have not experienced beneficial structural turning points.
C) They possess a limited behavioural repertoire.
D) Their delinquency has gone undetected.
E) They continue to receive positive and negative reinforcement from deviant and non-deviant peer groups.

Question 5

Moffitt argues that adolescent-limited delinquents eventually desist from delinquency as a result of which of the following?

A) Shifting reinforcement contingencies
B) The increased availability of prosocial adult roles
C) Human agency
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 6

In contrast to the delinquent behaviour evidenced by life-course persistent delinquents, how is the antisocial behaviour of adolescent-limited delinquents characterized?

A) Pervasive
B) Serious
C) Undetected
D) Pathological
E) Normative

Question 7

The maturity gap or maturation gap, as used by Moffitt, refers to the difference between a person's biological age and which of the following?

A) Their social age
B) Their siblings' ages
C) Their parents' ages
D) Their peers' ages
E) Their school grade or academic achievement

Question 8

Social mimicry, as defined by Moffitt, refers to which of the following tendencies?

A) Younger siblings to copy the behaviour of adolescent-limited offenders
B) Younger siblings to copy the behaviour of life-course persistent offenders
C) Adolescent-limited offenders to copy the behaviour of life-course persistent offenders
D) Life-course persistent offenders to copy the behaviour of adult criminals
E) Life-course persistent offenders to copy the behaviour of adolescent-limited offenders

Question 9

Patterson (1989) argued that a propensity for lifelong criminal offending was set in motion by which of the following?

A) Neuropsychological complications evident at birth
B) Negative reinforcement of antisocial behaviours
C) Structural turning points
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 10

Patterson (1989) believes that, as a result of ineffective parenting, antisocial behaviour by children becomes which of the following?

A) Coercive
B) Evocative
C) Innocuous
D) Hyper-autonomic
E) Functional

Question 11

An early disadvantage in childhood that may set in motion a downhill snowball of cumulative disadvantages leading to delinquent behaviour would include which of the following?

A) Hanging out with kids who do drugs in high school
B) Being rejected by the popular kids in high school
C) Getting into fights on the playground in elementary school
D) Being held back a grade in elementary school
E) A difficult temperament in infancy

Question 12

How might structural turning points, such as marriage or stable employment, change an antisocial pathway to a prosocial pathway?

A) They increase the role of informal social controls.
B) They provide opportunities for the formation of more positive identities.
C) They provide increases in supervision and monitoring.
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 13

Steve has just been released from prison and meets Amy, an Honour Roll university student. Steve falls in love with Amy and, fearing that his involvement in crime will jeopardize their relationship, he makes a conscious effort to "go straight." This is an example of what Sampson and Laub refer to as which of the following?

A) Human agency
B) Prosocial commitment polarization
C) Behavioural repertoire management
D) Cognitive re-structuring
E) Social mimicry

Question 14

Maternal alcoholism and binge-drinking during pregnancy, and the adverse effects it can have on the unborn child, are examples of which of the following?

A) Internalizing disorders
B) Age-graded complications
C) Prenatal birth complications
D) Perinatal birth complications
E) Externalizing disorders

Question 15

Premature birth and low birth weight have been linked with later behavioural problems in children. Low birth weight is an example of which of the following?

A) Prenatal birth complications
B) Internalizing disorders
C) Perinatal birth complications
D) Externalizing disorders
E) Age-graded birth complications

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an example of an externalizing behaviour disorder?

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Conduct disorder
C) Oppositional defiant disorder
D) Childhood depression
E) All of the above are examples of externalizing behaviour disorders.

Question 17

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by which of the following?

A) Vindictiveness
B) Hyperactivity and impulsivity
C) Inattention
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above

Question 18

The relationship between ADHD in childhood and later delinquent and adult criminal behaviour may be explained by the impact of the disorder on which of the following?

A) Interpersonal relationships
B) Abstract reasoning skills
C) Parental monitoring
D) Verbal skills
E) Perinatal health

Question 19

Which childhood externalizing disorder is characterized by angry/irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behaviour, and vindictiveness?

A) Conduct disorder
B) Oppositional defiant disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
E) Antisocial personality disorder

Question 20

Which group of boys is more likely to exhibit higher rates of criminal behaviour?

A) Boys with neither conduct disorder nor attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder only
C) Boys with conduct disorder only
D) Boys with conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
E) Boys with oppositional defiant disorder

Question 21

Which style of parenting is associated with punitive and forceful disciplinary tactics, with little love or affection?

A) Authoritative parenting
B) Permissive parenting
C) Authoritarian parenting
D) Patriarchal parenting
E) Egalitarian parenting

Question 22

Which of the following disciplinary styles is most strongly associated with the increased risk for delinquency and aggression?

A) Egalitarian parenting
B) Authoritarian parenting
C) Patriarchal parenting
D) Permissive parenting
E) Authoritative parenting

Question 23

Parental monitoring includes which of the following?

A) Corporal punishment
B) Awareness and knowledge of children's behaviours
C) Limit-setting on children's behaviour
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above

Question 24

Poor parental monitoring has been linked to which of the following?

A) Delinquent peer associations
B) Alcohol consumption at an earlier age
C) Risk for arrest
D) Both A and C
E) All of the above

Question 25

Psychology studies on peer selection and rejection commonly use which measurement technique to gauge the extent to which an individual is liked or disliked by their peers?

A) Social media
B) Sociometric status
C) Longitudinal research
D) Snapchat
E) Cross-sectional research

Question 26

Analyses of the characteristics of school shooters have identified which of the following as potential warning signs?

A) Low birth weight
B) Lack of parental monitoring
C) Permissive parenting
D) Temptation talk
E) Peer rejection

Question 27

What is the tendency of people to seek out and socialize with other individuals like themselves sometimes referred to as?

A) Homophily
B) Nomophily
C) Sociophily
D) Heterophily
E) Solophily

Question 28

In the 1980s film The Breakfast Club, five delinquent high school students are required to attend an all-day detention on a Saturday. Instead of discussing how they can be better students, the five peers joke about their rule violations and encourage further deviant behaviour. What does this kind of discussion illustrate?

A) Shifting reinforcement contingencies
B) Coercive interactions
C) Normative rule-breaking
D) Life-course persistent delinquency
E) Temptation talk

Question 29

Aversive child behaviours that are disruptive and unpleasant, and tend to force parents to respond, are what Patterson (1989) refers to as which of the following?

A) Crappy child behaviours
B) Compelling child behaviours
C) Corrosive child behaviours
D) Coercive child behaviours
E) Caustic child behaviours

Question 30

What type of parenting is "firm but fair," according to Baumrind?

A) Authoritarian
B) Disciplinary
C) Delinquent
D) Authoritative
E) Permissive

Question 31

Identify the three major patterns in delinquent and criminal behaviour identified by longitudinal research.

Question 32

What are coercive family interactions? According to Gerald Patterson (1989), how do they contribute to persistent criminal behaviour across the lifespan?

Question 33

Compare and contrast the major differences between the adolescent-limited and the life-course persistent delinquent offender.

Question 34

Why do adolescent-limited delinquents begin delinquency? In early adulthood why do adolescent-limited delinquents desist from delinquency?

Question 35

What are three major effects of a difficult temperament in early childhood?

Question 36

Compare and contrast the three major externalizing behaviour disorders.

Question 37

Compare and contrast the three major parenting styles and the outcomes in children associated with each approach.

Question 38

What two peer factors may play a role in the development of criminal and violent behaviour? Explain how they may negatively influence children and adolescents.

Question 39

Discuss the various developmental factors that may contribute to chronic delinquent and criminal behaviour over the lifespan.

Question 40

What is meant by the term cumulative disadvantage? Describe how parental practices and peer factors can, over time, contribute to the development of delinquent behaviours. In your answer, identify how these factors can increasingly result in a cumulative disadvantage for some children.