Deck 1: Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology

Question 1

The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology is called:

A) multiculturalism
B) cross-cultural psychology
C) cultural relativism
D) cultural psychology
E) cultural absolutism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The term ________ refers to behavior based on traditions, concerns for other people, and values they share.

A) individualism
B) power distance
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) collectivism
E) femininity

Answer 2

D

Question 3

________ is the study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables.

A) multiculturalism
B) cross-cultural psychology
C) cultural relativism
D) cultural psychology
E) cultural absolutism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity is called in cross-cultural psychology:

A) comfort zone
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) societal uncertainty
D) degree of ambiguity
E) inexact vagueness

Question 5

The term _________ refers to a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next.

A) nation
B) collectivism
C) cultural relativism
D) cultural psychology
E) culture

Question 6

What is the term for a cultural heritage shared by a category of people who also share a common ancestral origin, language, and religion?

A) ethnicity
B) collectivism
C) cultural psychology
D) anthropology
E) cultural absolutism

Question 7

The view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook is called:

A) ethnocentrism
B) cross-cultural psychology
C) cultural relativism
D) cultural absolutism
E) cultural psychology

Question 8

Complex behavior rooted in the pursuit of interpersonal goals, friendly atmosphere, consensus, modesty, caring for the weak, and quality of life is defined as:

A) individualism
B) power distance
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) collectivism
E) femininity

Question 9

Complex behavior based on concern for oneself and one's immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs is defined as:

A) ethnocentrism
B) individualism
C) culture concern
D) cultural relativism
E) family values

Question 10

Which type of knowledge in cross-cultural psychology exists in the form of laws and other prescriptions established by authorities?

A) authoritarian
B) collectivist
C) prescribed
D) legal
E) popular beliefs

Question 11

What is the term for the view that encourages recognition of equality for all cultural and national groups and promotes the idea that various cultural groups have the right to follow their own paths of development and have their own unique activities, values, and norms?

A) individualism
B) multiculturalism
C) femininity
D) cultural relativism
E) uncertainty avoidance

Question 12

The term ___________indicates an individual's acceptance of knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to a particular faith.

A) attitudes
B) religious affiliation
C) ethnic affiliation
D) cultural dichotomy
E) social identity

Question 13

A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics is called:

A) race
B) crowd
C) ethnicity
D) culture
E) nation

Question 14

The term ________________refers to people's common ways to handle uncertainty in their daily situations and lives in general.

A) individualism
B) power distance orientation
C) uncertainty orientation
D) conservative orientation
E) femininity

Question 15

The term _________ is used to describe cultures based largely on beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles established predominantly in the past, confined in local or regional boundaries, restricting and mostly intolerant to social innovations.

A) advanced culture
B) collectivism
C) traditional culture
D) power distance
E) uncertainty avoidance

Question 16

Cultures based largely on modern beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles relatively open to other cultures, absorbing and dynamic, science-based, technology-driven, and relatively tolerant to social innovations are referred as:

A) advanced cultures
B) collectivist norms
C) non-traditional cultures
D) individualist norms
E) industrial communities

Question 17

A discipline with the humanities that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual (such as the sense of freedom, beauty, creativity, and moral responsibility) is called:

A) The Subjective tradition
B) The Freedom school
C) The Moral school
D) The Creativity tradition
E) The Humanist tradition

Question 18

What would you call the view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook?

A) multiculturalism
B) cultural psychology
C) ethnocentrism
D) collectivism
E) individualism

Question 19

If a psychologist examines a degree to which people in a certain country accept inequality between the leaders and the led, the elite and the commons, what psychological phenomenon does this researcher actually study?

A) collective identity
B) uncertainly avoidance
C) power sharing
D) power distance
E) democratic collectivism

Question 20

People in cultures considered "high" on the measure of _________tend to support beliefs promising certainty, and to maintain social institutions protecting conformity (find a missing term).

A) collectivism
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) power distance
D) femininity
E) masculinity

Question 21

Since the beginning of scientific polling almost seventy years ago, how many Americans consistently report that they believe in God?

A) about 35%
B) about 55%
C) about 65%
D) about 75%
E) about 95%

Question 22

In South Korea, there are several hundred thousands of professional mediators, called manshin. What is their role?

A) teaching traditional medicine
B) teaching the legal aspects of marriage and divorce
C) direct communication with multitudes of gods and spirits
D) mediating interpersonal conflicts between spouses
E) mediating interpersonal conflicts between parents and children

Question 23

A journal editor asks you to write a research article about "indigenous psychologies." This means that your article is likely to be about __________________.

A) culture-rooted hostility
B) large cultural groups that migrate from place to place and mix with other groups while preserving some of their own customs and beliefs
C) cultural groups understood from "within" with the help of methodologies associated almost exclusively with these groups
D) small groups of collectivist tribes living exclusively in the mountains
E) small urban communities pursuing an ethnocentric view of reality

Question 24

If a psychologist studies the hidden meanings that people of different countries attach to their birthday greetings, she is studying which cultural characteristics?

A) explicit
B) collectivist
C) implicit
D) individualist
E) power-distance related

Question 25

What is the second largest racial group recognized by the U.S. Bureau of the Census?

A) Hispanic
B) White
C) Black
D) Asian and Pacific Islander
E) American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut

Question 26

The Cultural Mixtures Approach challenges which concept in cross-cultural psychology?

A) cultural dichotomies
B) power distance
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) collectivism
E) individualism

Question 27

The United States' culture is commonly associated with individualism. This means that most likely_________.

A) about 90 percent of Americans are individualists
B) most people in the USA enjoy individual freedom
C) there are more individualist than collectivist features in the US culture
D) the individualists influence the level of power distance
E) the individualists influence the level of uncertainty avoidance

Question 28

Which of the following is not typical of traditional cultures?

A) most social roles are prescribed individuals
B) there is a clear distinction between good and evil in behavior
C) individuals' choices are restricted to the boundaries of social perceptions
D) truth is revealed through the competition of ideas
E) all these features are typical in traditional cultures

Question 29

According to evolutionary psychologist, Geoffrey Miller, the brain, like the peacock's tail, is designed through evolution to __________________

A) attract attention of enemies
B) attract the opposite sex
C) help in searching for food
D) intimidate enemies
E) help in case of bad weather

Question 30

At the turn of the twentieth century, the American sociologist Fredrick Turner (1920) argued that while facing the challenges of the frontier, Americans as conquerors and builders developed both __________________

A) individualistic and egalitarian culture
B) violent and religious culture
C) traditional and non-traditional culture
D) respect to authority and desire to make money
E) unruly behavior and individual ambition

Question 31

A kind of multiculturalism that involves combining features of two cultures into one unique blend is called:

A) twin culture
B) double-sided cultural influence
C) dual culture
D) biculturalism
E) twofold dilemma

Question 32

A typical humanist (or the follower of the humanist tradition in sciences) is a person who embraces:

A) the importance of studying human beings
B) the importance of studying human beings and animals
C) altruism, passion, and ethics
D) action, willpower, and resolve
E) creativity and originality in research

Question 33

Cross-culturally, poverty and life expectancy (the measure of how long the individual is expected to live in that country) are correlated.

Question 34

Individuals from "high-power-distance" cultures tend to reject inequality between various social groups, such as parents and children.

Question 35

Cultural psychology advocates the idea that mental processes are the products of an interaction between education and the individual.

Question 36

Although the word "Hispanic" has been the official government term in the United States since 1980, this term is generally not used in Latin America.

Question 37

Two people can belong to different nationalities but share the same ethnicity.

Question 38

Studies show that compared with Asians, Western Europeans such as the British and the Germans tend to be more independent in their relationships and decisions.

Question 39

Traditional cultures embrace the ideology of liberal individualism.

Question 40

Research shows that people in Eastern and Western cultures are generally similar in how they handle uncertainty.

Question 41

Max Weber believed that in success-oriented societies, people tend to see each other on the basis of "what they are," not "who they are."

Question 42

Atheists or agnostics account for 4 percent of the total population of the United States, according to surveys.

Question 43

Psychologists H. Hermans and H.Kempen suggest that the "old" cross-cultural psychology is captivated by an illusion that cultures are confined within certain geographic locations.

Question 44

It was shown that people in colder areas, by far, are poorer economically than those in hotter areas.

Question 45

Indigenous groups are protected by international or national laws

Question 46

Natural science encompasses many branches of biology including anatomy, physiology, the evolutionary sciences, genetics, and neuroscience.

Question 47

Within the social sciences, cross-cultural psychology draws from geography and geology.

Question 48

John Berry suggests that among the major environmental factors influencing individual psychology are (1) ecological contexts and (2):

Question 49

Name two major racial categories, besides Black, White, and Native American, historically identified in the United States.

Question 50

When was the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology first published?

Question 51

Which view supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook?

Question 52

The view that not only encourages recognition of equality for all cultural and national groups, but also promotes the idea that various cultural groups have the right to follow their own unique paths of development and have their own unique activities, values, and norms is called_____

Question 53

Manal was born in New York and is a U.S. citizen. Her father was born in Turkey. Her mother was born in Argentina. What is Pinar's current nationality?

Question 54

Racial and ethnic minorities are expected to become ??_____ of the U.S. population by 2050.

Question 55

Psychologist Harry Triandis describes the individualism-collectivism phenomenon from two additional dimensions. Which ones?

Question 56

The process of globalization in the 21^st century is based on three particular cultural-psychological principles. Names these principles.

Question 57

When was the International Society of Cross-Cultural Psychology established?

Question 58

People who are________________ tend to refer to rules, customs, or opinions of other people, including authority figures, to resolve uncertainty

Question 59

According to psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa, people tend to act in accordance with the situations that existed in their ancestral environment. Thus, humans are evolutionarily designed to be altruistic toward:

Question 60

Psychologists develop at least three views on how local cultures will respond to globalization. The first view predicts that globalization will inevitably lead to a new international culture. The second view is based on the assumption that today's globalization patterns will eventually pull cultures further apart. What is the third view?

Question 61

What is the name of popular beliefs, a type of "everyday psychology" created by the people and for the people?

Question 62

Embeddedness as a cultural syndrome means that embedded cultures focus on the welfare of the in-group and limit concern for:

Question 63

What is the major difference between nationality (from the legal standpoint) and ethnicity? Give examples.

Question 64

Describe the similarities between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology.

Question 65

Describe the differences between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology.

Question 66

Provide examples of vertical and horizontal collectivism.

Question 67

What is the difference between explicit and implicit characteristics of a culture?

Question 68

What makes the Cultural Mixtures Approach distinct from other cross-cultural approaches that preceded it?

Question 69

Describe three views in psychology on how local cultures will respond to globalization.

Question 70

Briefly describe the Ecocultural Approach to cross-cultural psychology.

Question 71

Provide examples of behavior that might arise in "high uncertainty avoidance" cultural settings.

Question 72

Research shows that people in egalitarian, low power-distance cultures tend to be less preoccupied with the behavioral rules attached to the high social status. Could you explain why?

Question 73

Discuss how unequal access to resources in different societies might affect collectivism and individualism.

Question 74

Describe the differences between scientific knowledge and popular beliefs.

Question 75

Describe the differences between legal knowledge and scientific knowledge.

Question 76

Explain embeddedness as a cultural syndrome. Give examples.

Question 77

The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity is called in cross-cultural psychology:

A) comfort zone
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) societal uncertainty
D) degree of ambiguity
E) inexact vagueness of uncertainty

Question 78

If a researcher examines the degree to which people in a certain country accept inequality between the leaders and the led, the elite and the commons, what psychological phenomenon does this researcher actually study?

A) Collective identity
B) Uncertainly avoidance
C) Power sharing
D) Power distance
E) Democratic collectivism

Question 79

________ refers to behavior based on traditions, concerns for other people, and values they share together.

A) Individualism
B) Power distance
C) Uncertainty avoidance
D) Collectivism
E) Femininity

Question 80

In South Korea, there are thousands of professional mediators, called manshin. What is their role?

A) direct communication with multitudes of gods and spirits
B) teaching traditional medicine
C) teaching the legal aspects of marriage and divorce
D) mediating interpersonal conflicts between spouses
E) mediating interpersonal conflicts between parents and children