Deck 7: Subsistence Patterns

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true?

A) A society cannot exceed the carrying capacity of its environment.
B) A society cannot easily increase food production far beyond their carrying capacity.
C) A society can easily exceed its carrying capacity.
D) No environment has a fixed carrying capacity.
E) Societies usually stay far below their carrying capacities.

Answer 1

A society cannot easily increase food production far beyond their carrying capacity.

Question 2

The Ju/'hoansi residing in //Nhoq'ma village are in a transition phase in which:

A) they are involved in ecotourism, enabling tourists to visit them.
B) they have become expert hunters relying on meat for their caloric intake.
C) they rely on sharing and interdependence for their survival.
D) accumulation of material goods is important to their ranked society.
E) they are carrying out agriculture in addition to hunting and gathering.

Answer 2

they are involved in ecotourism, enabling tourists to visit them.

Question 3

The food-getting strategy used by humans for most of their existence is:

A) cattle herding.
B) intensive agriculture.
C) horticulture.
D) hunting and gathering.
E) cultivation.

Answer 3

hunting and gathering.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a major food procurement strategy worldwide?

A) industrial agriculture
B) horticulture
C) intensive agriculture
D) greenhouse cultivation
E) food foraging

Question 5

The Inuit of the Arctic region:

A) hunt reindeer, but not seals because they believe the latter are sacred.
B) seldom have an adequate protein supply.
C) rely heavily on horticulture.
D) rely on modern technology to aid in their food collecting strategies.
E) hunt both reindeer and seals, but not whales.

Question 6

In today's world,hunters and gatherers are found:

A) on land very poorly suited for agriculture.
B) in a few, very dense populations.
C) living permanently on arid lands near waterholes, where animals can be easily hunted.
D) living in large extended families.
E) only in Africa.

Question 7

Recent research on hunters-gatherers indicates all of the following except:

A) some hunter-gatherers have never had direct contact with technologically-advanced populations.
B) some hunter-gatherers are chronically undernourished.
C) there are occasional seasonal fluctuations in the hunter-gatherer diet.
D) many hunter-gatherers spend significantly less amounts of time in subsistence than we originally thought.
E) some hunter-gatherers have been involved in raiding and fighting with other groups.

Question 8

Food production became important for humans approximately:

A) 1.2 million years ago.
B) 450,000 years ago.
C) 10,000 years ago.
D) 4,200 years ago.
E) 2,000 years ago

Question 9

Which of the following is most linked to processing systems as well as food procurement?

A) horticulture
B) food foraging
C) industrial agriculture
D) pastoralism
E) intensive agriculture

Question 10

Which statement is true about traditional hunters and gatherers?

A) They live in harsh environments on the verge of extinction and starvation.
B) They use primitive tools, which are generally non-functional.
C) They are sedentary subsistence farmers requiring annual relocation of the main house.
D) They depend closely on the natural environment for their subsistence strategy.
E) They survive on a limited range of food stuffs acquired only by trade.

Question 11

A society's environment:

A) has no effect on its food-getting strategy.
B) absolutely determines the food-getting strategy that is its best adaptation.
C) influences its food-getting strategy and sets broad limitations..
D) sets very narrow limits on possible alternative food-getting strategies.
E) is the only thing that affects its food-getting strategy.

Question 12

A subsistence strategy may involve various elements.Which of the following lists is most accurate for defining the term,subsistence?

A) How people make money
B) How people grow, harvest, prepare, transport, market, and eat food
C) How people eat, preserve, grow, and transport food
D) How people preserve and market food
E) How people grow, harvest, and sell food

Question 13

Which of the following statements about Inuit social organization is not true?

A) The Inuit gather into large hunting parties to get seals and for fishing and hunting caribou. During the summer months they live in small, nuclear families.
B) The Inuit hunt caribou and fish in small groups and hunt for seals in large hunting parties.
C) The Inuit always hunt in small groups of men who are related to each other by blood or marriage.
D) The Inuit live in permanent settlements and hunt only sporadically in small groups.
E) The Inuit no longer live a traditional hunting and gathering life, but they do hunt occasionally in large groups.

Question 14

The technology of traditional hunter-gatherers is distinctive in that it:

A) is able to harness extremely high levels of energy from a poor environment.
B) is predominantly based on manual tools fashioned from their natural environment.
C) requires high energy input from outside their habitat.
D) is so rudimentary that they struggle endlessly for mere subsistence.
E) is not adaptive to any particular environment, but is a form of broad-spectrum technology.

Question 15

The carrying capacity of an environment:

A) is the uppermost level of productivity that is ecologically sound in an environment.
B) is solely determined by its technology, which can make an environment artificially sound.
C) influences only foraging societies, although there are still realistic limits on all environments.
D) refers only to the amount of wild plants and animals in an area.
E) refers to the amount of humans that can be profitable settled in a given amount of space.

Question 16

Which statement about "optimal foraging theory" is true?

A) Foragers store food for a season only.
B) Foragers take only the plants and animals they need to subsidize their caloric intake.
C) Foragers seek out food sources based on whether they will be worth the effort.
D) Foragers no longer exist in the world; all peoples today use food production techniques.
E) Foragers very frequently exceed the carrying capacity of their environments.

Question 17

Which statement about foraging societies is true?

A) They have fairly dense populations.
B) They are typically sedentary, not nomadic.
C) They occupy some of the world's best farmland.
D) Their basic social unit is the family or band.
E) They do not have access to necessary resources to survive.

Question 18

Inuits and other people living in extremely cold climates tend to have:

A) tall, thin bodies.
B) long extremities.
C) short, stocky bodies.
D) stocky bodies with long extremities.
E) wide noses with short extremities.

Question 19

The Ju/'hoansi (!Kung San)inhabit:

A) the Gobi desert of inner Asia.
B) the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa.
C) the Ituri forest of the Congo.
D) the Great Plains of the western United States.
E) the Amazon jungle.

Question 20

Kevin Krajick's research in Peru on Incan agricultural strategies has revealed that:

A) although agriculture had not reached the carrying capacity of the area, such a fragile environment cannot sustain high production yields.
B) they practiced conservation methods, while maximizing production on their lands.
C) their agricultural strategies caused irreparable damage to the highland environment.
D) they grew only very limited and specialized cultigens, such as corn and rice.
E) the Inca understood agriculture and agricultural techniques much better than modern-day farmers.

Question 21

Horticulture refers to the type of farming that:

A) relies on irrigation systems and fertilizers.
B) relies predominantly on hand tools for household consumption.
C) uses human and animal energy to bring high yields of crops.
D) produces a large surplus for market.
E) involves hired labor or cooperative fields.

Question 22

Transhumance pastoralism is a migratory pattern that:

A) only occurs in the flatlands of Uganda.
B) is found among the Kazaks of Eurasia.
C) is used only with camel herders.
D) involves seasonal movement of herds between upland and lowland pastures.
E) involves very little movement of herds, only between households and market.

Question 23

How did the applied project of Susan Andreatta help fishermen in Carteret County,NC?

A) It involved direct marketing to increase awareness of local fish and fishermen among the community so that they would buy locally.
B) It helped fishermen improve their technology so that they could fish in deeper waters and bring in more marketable fish.
C) It created a training program for local fishermen so that they could find non-fishing-related jobs in the local economy.
D) It supported fish-farming so that fishermen could provide fish to the market as demand increased.
E) It directed young people to professions other than fishing so that the cycle of poverty could be ended.

Question 24

The distinguishing feature of most pastoralist societies is that they:

A) never engage in warfare.
B) always live in a desert.
C) specialize in herding, grazing, and/or browsing animals.
D) consume unusually large quantities of meat.
E) produce many commercial items for the market.

Question 25

What is a locavore?

A) a person who hunts and gathers
B) a type of animal that lives in arid environments
C) a person who eats primarily locally-grown foods
D) a person who eats only organic foods
E) a diet that is based on both vegetables and meat

Question 26

People who practice horticulture:

A) typically use irrigation systems.
B) must shift their homes when they shift their fields.
C) grow tree crops, seed crops, or root crops.
D) do not bother with a fallow period.
E) usually keep domesticated animals for beasts of burden.

Question 27

Nomadic pastoralism:

A) prevents people from raising as much livestock as they could if they did not migrate.
B) involves the raising of camels and cattle only.
C) does not involve any kind of commercial trade.
D) never includes cultivation of any type of grain.
E) has no permanent villages.

Question 28

Melville Herskovits,who worked among East African pastoralists,contends "the cattle complex" refers to cattle as:

A) status symbols, a food source, and for personal attachment.
B) animal fetishes and a food source.
C) animal psychoses.
D) the "hamburger connection."
E) an animal honored by that society.

Question 29

Agriculture:

A) has access to a much smaller supply of available energy than that of other food-procurement strategies.
B) relies on animal power, mechanized technology, and non-mechanized technology for production.
C) usually fails to produce surplus food.
D) almost always lacks an adequate supply of labor.
E) relies on gas-powered tractors and other forms of modern technology.

Question 30

Which statement about the Maasai is false?

A) They are being forced to settle on permanent ranches.
B) They have been very successful at managing their environment.
C) For generations they have supplemented their diet with agricultural products.
D) They engage in controlled burning to provide better pasturage for their cattle.
E) They have experienced enormous sociocultural changes in the last 40 years.

Question 31

The development of crop cultivation makes specialization of labor possible because

A) there is little need for more technology.
B) group intelligence improves with a cereal-based diet.
C) since farming is more efficient than food collecting, more people can be freed to engage in an activity other than food production.
D) the extra time generated by more efficient technology allows people to go to school and learn much more complex trades.
E) the trade that results from all forms of crop cultivation motivates societies to specialize in order to control the market.

Question 32

The Neolithic Revolution:

A) caused all societies which existed at that time to become shifting cultivators.
B) freed people from ties to the land.
C) gave humans a measure of control over their food supply.
D) caused food collecting societies to disappear.
E) made people much more migratory.

Question 33

Which of the following events was most devastating to the pastoral Maasai?

A) deforestation
B) colonialism
C) drought
D) independence
E) advent of the automobile

Question 34

The slash and burn method requires:

A) an extensive land use system with a lengthy fallow period.
B) the use of purchased fertilizers to put nutrients back in the soil.
C) low biomass, so there is not much to interfere with planting.
D) the use tractors or draft animals, minimizing the need for a labor force.
E) use of domesticated animals for plowing.

Question 35

The Neolithic Revolution stimulated all of the following except:

A) a growth in population size.
B) a greater division of labor.
C) more permanent settlements.
D) a reduced amount of productive labor.
E) a less varied diet

Question 36

Which two terms are synonymous with shifting cultivation?

A) slash and burn farming and pastoralism
B) Swidden cultivation and horticulture
C) slash and burn farming and swidden cultivation
D) swidden cultivation and horticulture
E) extensive cultivation and horticulture

Question 37

All of the following are results of the advent of maize farming except:

A) a 300% increase in bone lesions.
B) a drop in life expectancy.
C) increased malnutrition.
D) a 50% increase in tooth enamel decay.
E) an increase in nutrition.

Question 38

Domestication of plants may be a result of all of the following except:

A) population pressure and territoriality.
B) sufficient technology and knowledge related to plant manipulation.
C) adequate knowledge of the environment.
D) settlement and subsistence patterns, and related human decision-making.
E) people's inability to adapt to changes in the environment.

Question 39

Which form of hunting do many world global economies depend on?

A) bow hunting
B) rifle hunting
C) trapping
D) fishing
E) spearing

Question 40

What is a paleopathologist?

A) A cultural anthropologist who studies diseases in contemporary populations
B) A physical anthropologist who studies disease among ancient peoples
C) A medical anthropologist who studies the relationship between disease and culture
D) An archaeologist who studies ancient fossils
E) An archaeologist who studies daily life among cave people

Question 41

When its carrying capacity is exceeded,an environment is damaged.

Question 42

Peasants in an agricultural society do not:

A) have an important relationship with the cities.
B) almost always occupy the lowest strata of a society.
C) provide for most of the dietary needs of the city dwellers.
D) have a great deal of political power.
E) pay rents and taxes to those with greater power.

Question 43

Today some of the Ju/'hoansi are participating in the ecotourist market.

Question 44

The Inuit divide their year into two hunting seasons.

Question 45

Some indigenous societies exploited their environments and caused ecological damage.

Question 46

Peasant populations:

A) are only found in Europe.
B) are tied to larger political units.
C) produce no surplus.
D) provide only a small amount of food for urban populations.
E) are individuals who own sufficient landholdings to produce what they need annually.

Question 47

Foragers today use only traditional technology,such as bows and arrows and digging sticks.

Question 48

As a group,peasants can be distinguished from modern farmers because they produce primarily:

A) to accumulate wealth.
B) for family subsistence.
C) to pay for religious ceremonies.
D) for reinvestment of capital.
E) for export.

Question 49

According to your text,environmental consequences related to industrial agricultural often led to:

A) less soil erosion.
B) a decrease in plant and animal diversity.
C) a decrease in deforestation rates.
D) a reduction in soil and water contamination.
E) a decrease in fuel and machinery costs.

Question 50

Clearly,hunter-gatherers are the "original affluent society."

Question 51

Which of the following is associated with the lowest population size?

A) Foraging
B) Industrial agriculture
C) Horticulture
D) Transhumant pastoralism
E) Nomadic pastoralism

Question 52

Human adaptation occurs exclusively through cultural advances.This is the hallmark of being human.

Question 53

What do researchers believe was the primary cause of the decline of the Easter Island civilization?

A) Internal warfare and dissension
B) Exploitation by slavery
C) Colonialism
D) Environmental destruction
E) A natural disaster

Question 54

Foraging societies have among the lowest population densities.

Question 55

Industrialized agriculture is associated with all of the following except which?

A) It relies on technological sources of energy for production.
B) It relies on monocrop production - single crops produced on large acreages.
C) It has caused considerable environmental destruction.
D) It led to water pollution and soil contamination in some areas.
E) It has led to the flow of capital from wealthier nations to poorer ones.

Question 56

Specialization in agriculture may result in all of the following except:

A) increased tendency to grow cash crops and buy food in the marketplace.
B) increased reliance on a limited number of crop varieties.
C) development of increasing surplus of crops.
D) decreased importance of the family owned/operated farm.
E) less specialization of labor.

Question 57

During what historical time period did agriculture emerge?

A) About 11,000 years ago
B) About 5,000 years ago
C) About 9,000 years ago
D) About 3,000 years ago
E) About 1,000 years ago

Question 58

Which of the following has the highest degree of labor specialization?

A) Pastoralism
B) Horticulture
C) Intensive agriculture
D) Foraging
E) Swidden agriculture

Question 59

Recently,Canada created a new territory known as the Northern Territories,for the Inuit peoples.

Question 60

The environment sets broad limits on subsistence.

Question 61

Define and explain the concept of carrying capacity.

Question 62

Slash and burn method is a primary technique of agriculturalists.

Question 63

Seed crops require more nutrients than root crops.

Question 64

The Neolithic Revolution occurred about 5,000 years ago.

Question 65

The Kazaks are associated with a "cattle complex."

Question 66

Distinguish between the two types of pastoralism.

Question 67

Sedentary ranching and dairy farming is a type of pastoralism.

Question 68

Intensive agriculture requires a great investment of both labor and capital,but it does support more people per unit of land than horticulture can.

Question 69

What is shifting cultivation?

Question 70

Invention of the wheel,use of fertilizer and draft animals,and irrigation are all innovations that have made agriculture possible.

Question 71

The Maasai follow a watering schedule when they congregate seasonally at waterholes.

Question 72

List five consequences of the change to food production.

Question 73

List the five major food-procurement categories found among the world's populations

Question 74

Define and describe domestication.

Question 75

What is the optimal foraging theory?

Question 76

Domestication is a form of taming an animal.

Question 77

What is a locavore and what can we learn from the emergence of this new type of strategy?

Question 78

What are some noticeable changes in food-getting strategies since the late eighteenth century?

Question 79

Name four characteristics (or generalizations)about foraging societies.

Question 80

Domestication negatively affected human health patterns.