Deck 13: Crime and Criminal Justice

Question 1

What is the name for a minor legal offense?

A) a misdemeanor
B) battery
C) a felony
D) an assault

Answer 1

A

Question 2

John is found guilty of murder. He will be charged with which of these?

A) a misdemeanor
B) battery
C) a felony
D) an assault

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these is likely to be a misdemeanor?

A) rape
B) aggravated assault
C) shoplifting
D) robbery

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is a critique of biopsychological theories of crime?

A) They fail to address inherent criminal characteristics.
B) They fail to explain neurophysical (brain lesions, brain dysfunctions) characteristics related to violence and criminality
C) They fail to explain why crime rates vary between urban and rural areas, different neighborhoods, or social or economic groups.
D) They fail to address how crime is determined by individual characteristics or predispositions to crime.

Question 5

Which of these sociologists believed that crime is normal and inevitable?

A) Robert K. Merton
B) Émile Durkheim
C) Travis Hirschi
D) Freda Adler

Question 6

According to Robert K. Merton, a person who agrees with cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve them exemplifies which of these modes of adaptation?

A) restitution
B) retreatism
C) innovation
D) conformity

Question 7

Which concept did Robert K. Merton take from Émile Durkheim to develop Merton's strain theory?

A) innovation
B) anomie
C) patriarchy
D) labeling

Question 8

Robert K. Merton and others who worked with his assumptions believed that criminal activity would decline if which of these happened?

A) racism decreased
B) economic conditions improved
C) sexism decreased
D) laws became more punitive

Question 9

Bob wants to have a big house and a brand new car. He is unable to find a job so he sells drugs to afford these items. Robert Merton would say that Bob is using which of these modes of adaptation?

A) restitution
B) retreatism
C) innovation
D) conformity

Question 10

Travis Hirschi believed that society controls our behavior through four elements. Which of these is NOT one of those elements?

A) attachments
B) involvements
C) beliefs
D) competition

Question 11

A Conflict theorist would say that the purpose of law enforcement is which of these?

A) protect society against crime
B) protect the interests and power of the dominant class.
C) maintain social control.
D) define our cultural value on crime.

Question 12

Freda Adler's "liberation" approach to women's crime argues that as gender equality increase which of these happen?

A) Women are more likely to commit crime.
B) Men are more likely to commit crime.
C) Women are less likely to commit crime.
D) Men are less likely to commit crime.

Question 13

Which of these explains the increase in women's incarceration?

A) Women are committing more crimes.
B) Female juveniles are committing more felonies.
C) The current legal system encourages a tough on crime stance for men and women.
D) Men are committing fewer crimes.

Question 14

In 2015, women made up ______ of all U.S. prisoners in state or federal prison.

A) 1 percent
B) 7 percent
C) 17 percent
D) 21 percent

Question 15

Which country has the highest number of female detainees?

A) Russia
B) Brazil
C) Thailand
D) the United States

Question 16

According to your text, compared to men, women in prison are more likely to ______.

A) be serving a second or third sentence
B) be childless
C) have a history of sexual abuse and trauma
D) suffer from schizophrenia

Question 17

Which of these is an interactionist likely to say is a cause of deviance or criminal behavior?

A) the exploitation of working-class people
B) patriarchy
C) a lack of social control
D) a learned behavior

Question 18

This theory points out the importance of how the "audience" responds to a person who commits a crime or to the crime itself.

A) social control theory
B) strain theory
C) labeling theory
D) feminist theory

Question 19

Sociologist Edwin Lemert proposed that deviance is ______.

A) a process
B) rare in society
C) a symptom of a larger cultural problem
D) an adaptation to economic challenges

Question 20

The Uniform Crime Report is published by the which of these?

A) Central Intelligence Agency
B) Bureau of Justice
C) Federal Bureau of Investigation
D) Bureau of Justice Statistics

Question 21

The Uniform Crime Report summarizes which of these categories of crime?

A) index and non-index crimes
B) felonies and misdemeanors
C) violent, property, and juvenile crimes
D) white-collar, blue-collar, and index crimes

Question 22

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Crime Clock is a graphic display of which of these?

A) non-violent crimes
B) how often specific offenses are committed
C) the most likely time of day an offense might occur
D) demographics of who commits crimes

Question 23

Which of these is a non-index crime?

A) arson
B) petty theft
C) assault
D) burglary

Question 24

Which of these is a critique of the Uniform Crime Report and the National Incident-Based Reporting System?

A) They exclude minorities.
B) They focus too much on certain types of crimes.
C) They focus only on reported crimes.
D) They exaggerate the amount of crime.

Question 25

What becomes evident when the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey are compared?

A) The number of crimes committed is higher than the number of crimes reported.
B) The number of crimes committed is lower than the number of crimes reported.
C) The Crime clock is the most accurate way of collecting data.
D) The Uniform Crime Report is a more accurate way of collecting data.

Question 26

Property crimes make up about ______ of all crime in the United States.

A) one-third
B) two-fifths
C) one-half
D) three-fourths

Question 27

Which crime is estimated to cost taxpayers more than all other types of crimes?

A) white-collar crime
B) juvenile delinquency
C) violent crime
D) property crime

Question 28

Which of these is NOT a white-collar crime?

A) crimes committed by someone of high status
B) crimes that involve the threat of physical force
C) crimes taking place in a particular organization or business
D) crimes committed for financial or economic gain

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE of youth of color and the juvenile justice system?

A) They are more likely to be arrested than white youth.
B) They are less likely to be arrested than white youth.
C) They are arrested at the same rates as white youth.
D) They are more likely to be exonerated than white youth.

Question 30

Victimization is higher for which of these groups?

A) the rich
B) whites
C) married people
D) central city residents

Question 31

Which of these has the lowest rate of victimization?

A) white males
B) black males
C) white females
D) black females

Question 32

What percentage of full-time law enforcement are sworn officers?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 33

According to your text, which of these groups is most likely to trust police?

A) whites
B) black youth
C) Hispanics
D) women

Question 34

The United States represents ______ of the world's prison population.

A) 5 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 35

In 2017, there were ______ inmates serving death sentences.

A) 34
B) 343
C) 1,333
D) 2,843

Question 36

Which statement is consistent with the research on capital punishment?

A) Capital punishment has no deterrent effect on committing murder.
B) States with the death penalty have murder rates significantly lower than states without the death penalty.
C) The death penalty is most effective when applied to non-violent offenders.
D) Capital punishment has been found to prevent crime in all countries except the United States.

Question 37

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the community policing approach?

A) community partnerships
B) relationships between police and citizens
C) direct involvement in neighborhoods
D) use of arrest as a deterrent

Question 38

As of December 2014, the ______ had exonerated 325 individuals.

A) Los Angeles Police Department
B) Innocence Project
C) Department of Homeland Security
D) Federal Bureau of Investigation

Question 39

Many groups have organized at the grassroots level to protect citizens against police brutality. Which of these is NOT one of those groups?

A) Black Lives Matter
B) #SayHerName
C) INCITE!
D) COPS

Question 40

Misdemeanors are punished more harshly than felonies.

Question 41

Contemporary biological explanations of crime tend to focus on appearance and genetic factors.

Question 42

Metra has given up on ever being successful. She continues to work at her job, but does so knowing that she will never get ahead. Robert K. Merton would call her behavior "retreatism."

Question 43

Social control theorists ask why someone commits a crime.

Question 44

Conflict theorists argue that the criminal justice system is intentionally unequal.

Question 45

Women are more likely to kill intimate partners, family members, or acquaintances than are men.

Question 46

According to labeling theory, it is not the criminal or his/her act that is important, but it is the audience that labels the person or his/her act as "criminal" that is important.

Question 47

The National Incident-Based Reporting System collects data on offenders and victims.

Question 48

Research suggests that males are more likely to be victimized by a stranger, while women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.

Question 49

African American and Hispanic youth are more likely to be arrested and committed to secure placements than are white youth.

Question 50

Corporate fraud is the highest priority of the FBI's Financial Crimes Section.

Question 51

Most jail or prison inmates are African American males.

Question 52

Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity by law enforcement consciously or unconsciously as a basis of judgment for criminal suspicion.

Question 53

The United States incarcerates more people for drug offenses than any other country.

Question 54

Worldwide, only 10 countries have abolished the use of the death penalty.

Question 55

The U.S. criminal justice system is one unified single system.

Question 56

INCITE! and #SayHerName are two grassroots-organized groups to fight police brutality.

Question 57

Police administrators prefer traditional policing to community policing.

Question 58

Differentiate between a juvenile delinquent and a juvenile status offender and explain how social bonds and social control theory applies to juvenile delinquency.

Question 59

Crime rates are declining but prison rates are increasing. Explain this phenomenon and discuss the phenomenon of unequal imprisonment in the United States.

Question 60

Discuss the death penalty in the U.S. Include in your answer issues of deterrence and racial disparities. What is your opinion on the use of the death penalty in the U.S.?