Deck 12: Women Working in Policing and Law Enforcement

Question 1

The reframing of ideal police work as community- and service-oriented, rather than crime-fighting, began with which movement?

A) Black Lives Matter
B) #MeToo
C) Civil Rights
D) Temperance

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The "backbone of policing" is also known as ______.

A) volunteer officers
B) crime scene investigators
C) patrol duty
D) detective work

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements pertaining to the first African American women hired in policing is true?

A) They were a minority within a minority.
B) They were hired to work solely with African American men, women, and children.
C) They were usually less educated than everyone else.
D) They were individuals who typically had no community status prior to policing.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The entrance if women into U.S. police work was spurred by ______.

A) drug addiction
B) prostitution/sex work
C) gangs
D) child abduction

Question 5

The sexist view of women as matrons/maternal heavily influenced which of the following historical phases?

A) moral reform, rescue, and matrons/specialists and pioneers
B) specialists and pioneers/latency and depression
C) latency and depression/expansion
D) expansion/moral reform, rescue, and matrons

Question 6

Which of Heidensohn's (1992) phases is characterized by the view of women as social workers more than "cops?"

A) latency and depression
B) specialists and pioneers
C) moral reform, rescue, and matrons
D) expansion

Question 7

In which of Heidensohn's (1992) phases were women working in roles that were confined to sexist "gender" skills?

A) latency and depression
B) specialists and pioneers
C) moral reform, rescue, and matrons
D) expansion

Question 8

Which one of Heidensohn's (1992) phases is characterized by stagnancy in the hiring of women police?

A) latency and depression
B) specialists and pioneers
C) moral reform, rescue, and matrons
D) expansion

Question 9

The stagnancy during Heidensohn's third phase is attributed to which of the following?

A) the Great Depression
B) the Industrial Revolution
C) the Reconstruction
D) the Progressive Era

Question 10

Which one of Heidensohn's (1992) phases is characterized by the unprecedented hiring of women police officers due to legislation in the late 1960s and 1970s?

A) latency and depression
B) specialists and pioneers
C) moral reform, rescue, and matrons
D) expansion

Question 11

Which one of Brown's (1997) phases of women's entry into police work in Europe is often the result of a shortage of men to serve as police officers?

A) reform
B) integration
C) separated-restricted
D) entry

Question 12

Brown's (1997) ______ stage is where departmental structure limited women officers to working solely with women and children.

A) separated-restricted
B) entry
C) take-off
D) reform

Question 13

The inhibitor to the separated-restricted phase is the ______ effect.

A) glass ceiling
B) ripple
C) crab-basket
D) glass escalator

Question 14

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the crab-basket effect?

A) coexistence of personal differences
B) creativity
C) personal conflicts
D) open communication

Question 15

Which of the following is an advantage of the crab-basket effect?

A) weak task orientations
B) ambiguous procedures
C) personal conflicts
D) coexistence of personal differences

Question 16

According to Brown (1997), litigation is often the result of which stage?

A) entry
B) integration
C) reform
D) tip-over

Question 17

Backlash and sexual harassment of women officers by men officers are associated with which one of Brown's (1997) phases?

A) take-off
B) integration
C) entry
D) reform

Question 18

In Brown's (1997) fifth phase, ______, there is increased inspection by outsiders, a clearer grievance process, and improved training.

A) entry
B) reform
C) integration
D) tip-over

Question 19

Brown's (1997) final phase of women's entry into police work in Europe is ______.

A) integration
B) reform
C) tip-over
D) take-off

Question 20

In Brown's (1997) ______ phase, the number of women increases from a small minority to more equal representation.

A) tip-over
B) separated-restricted
C) integration
D) reform

Question 21

The first woman in the United States to hold the title "policewoman" was ______.

A) Cora I. Parchment
B) Alice Stebbins Wells
C) Georgia A. Robinson
D) Betty Blankenship

Question 22

According to the text, the press characterized Wells as ______.

A) nurturing
B) muscular
C) motherly
D) feminine

Question 23

The U.S. Civil Service Commission adopted which standard for women police recruits?

A) a background in human services and counseling
B) high school diploma
C) military experience
D) extensive technical training and business experience

Question 24

Who was the first U.S. woman police chief?

A) Cora I. Parchment
B) Alice Stebbins Wells
C) Georgia A. Robinson
D) Penny E. Harrington

Question 25

A study of women police chiefs found that many of them began their policing careers after careers in ______.

A) teaching
B) law
C) military
D) politics

Question 26

What is the first step in Workman-Stark's police identity formation?

A) discovery
B) tryouts
C) validation and negotiation
D) identity acceptance

Question 27

When people begin thinking whether the police identity fits them, they are in which step of the police identity formation?

A) continued checks and balances
B) validation and negotiation
C) discovery
D) tryouts

Question 28

Individuals who seek endorsement from coworkers and supervisors regarding their police identity are in which police identify formation step?

A) continued checks and balances
B) validation and negotiation
C) discovery
D) tryouts

Question 29

Which step is most relevant during the usually one-on-one field training following successful graduation from the police academy?

A) discovery
B) tryouts
C) validation and negotiation
D) continued checks and balances

Question 30

Feminists would dispute which of the following reasons for the slow integration of women into police forces?

A) prejudice by male officers who view women as unable to perform the job
B) societal attitudes that women are unable to police
C) inherent physical differences between women and men
D) noncompetitive compensation and benefits

Question 31

Which explanation for women's low representation is likely the best?

A) prejudice by male officers who view women as unable to perform the job
B) lack of women who find the job of policing compatible with personal goals of raising a family
C) inherent physical differences between women and men
D) noncompetitive compensation and benefits

Question 32

There is evidence that sex/gender discrimination starts where?

A) during field training
B) during the police academy training
C) on patrol duty
D) during the promotion process

Question 33

Which one of Workman-Stark's (2017) steps to a police identity formation occurs during field training?

A) validation and negotiation
B) identity acceptance
C) continued checks and balances
D) discovery

Question 34

A study on both guards and police found that ______ are more likely to believe that sexual harassment is no longer a problem in their workplace.

A) men police
B) women police
C) men guards
D) women guards

Question 35

Women police perceive sexual teasing as ______.

A) committed by a person with more power
B) one-sided
C) malicious
D) friendly joking

Question 36

Women perceive sexual harassment as ______.

A) harmless
B) malicious
C) friendly joking
D) between parties who respect each other

Question 37

Which one of Natarajan's (2001) roles views women officers' jobs different from men officers' jobs in that women are restricted to responding to women and children?

A) modified
B) integrated
C) traditional
D) inventive

Question 38

______, according to Martin (1979), were ambivalent toward women police.

A) Moderns
B) Traditionals
C) Moderates
D) Inventives

Question 39

According to Martin (1979), which role is more willing to work with women police officers as equals?

A) moderates
B) moderns
C) traditionals
D) inventives

Question 40

According to Martin (1979), ______ believed that women police officers do not belong on patrol and if present should be protected and treated as junior partners.

A) inventives
B) traditionals
C) moderns
D) moderates

Question 41

Consistent with U.S. data, in 2016, women's representation was higher in which type of law enforcement agency?

A) local
B) county
C) federal
D) private

Question 42

Treating women equitably and fairly and overall "women-friend" is defined in the text as organizational ______.

A) organizational culture
B) organizational benevolence
C) organizational justice
D) organizational integrity

Question 43

A study found that departments in which U.S. region had higher representation of women police officers?

A) Midwest
B) Northeast
C) Northwest
D) South

Question 44

Incentive pay such as tuition reimbursement and hazardous duty pay are examples of ______.

A) organizational ability
B) organizational benevolence
C) organizational justice
D) organizational integrity

Question 45

Which of the following statements pertaining to recruitment and retention is true?

A) Women's law enforcement representation is better in smaller rather than larger departments.
B) Women's law enforcement representation is lower when other minorities are represented.
C) Women's law enforcement representation is better when there is higher organizational benevolence.
D) Women's law enforcement representation is lower when there are smaller vertical differentiation layers of bureaucracy.

Question 46

Which step in women's police identity formation is very salient as women consider promotions in their departments?

A) continued checks and balances
B) validation and negotiation
C) discovery
D) tryouts

Question 47

If an LGB police officer is tiring of keeping a secret/closeted life at work then they are likely at which stage of the career model identity formation?

A) sexual identity prioritization
B) transition
C) integration
D) police identity prioritization

Question 48

If an LGB police officer values connections to the LGB community more than the police force, then they are likely at what stage of career model identity formation?

A) sexual identity prioritization
B) integration
C) transition
D) police identity prioritization

Question 49

If an LGB police officers feeling that they do not have to choose a loyalty to the police force or the LGB community, then they are likely at the ______ stage of career model identity formation.

A) sexual identity prioritization
B) integration
C) transition
D) police identity prioritization

Question 50

Which stage of career model identity formation refers to the acceptance by work peers and supervisors?

A) integration
B) sexual identity prioritization
C) police identity prioritization
D) transition

Question 51

Increasing women's representation in policing is only a matter of gender equity.

Question 52

Women worked in women's prisons long before they worked with incarcerated men.

Question 53

There are significant parallels regarding women's entry as prison/jail guards and women's entry in policing.

Question 54

The first two decades of the 1990s in the United States were important in advancing women into police departments, despite the stereotypical roles.

Question 55

During Brown's (1997) reform stage, gender integration is mandated by legislation but often met with resistance by men police, which results in litigation by women officers.

Question 56

Alice Stebbins Wells was a social worker and theologian prior to becoming the first policewoman in the United States.

Question 57

The more intersecting outsider status identities, the greater the likelihood of a difficult adaptation to the police identity.

Question 58

Discovery occurs after acceptance to a law enforcement department, during the police academy training.

Question 59

Title VII consent decrees have been used to increase women's representation in police work.

Question 60

Some of the reasons for the slow integration of women into police forces include a lack of women who find the job compatible with personal goals, such as raising a family.

Question 61

According to the author, gender policing studies increasingly test systems theory.

Question 62

Masculine police cultures can affect men officers' belief in negative stereotypes regarding women officers.

Question 63

Zimmer's (1986) adjustment strategy role, institutional, is comparable to Martin's (1979) POLICEwomen role.

Question 64

The integrated role for women officers posits that women and men have identical policing responsibilities.

Question 65

Citizens, coworkers, supervisors, and administrators today are far more likely to see women as an anomaly.

Question 66

Martin's (1979) POLICEwomen were seen as strange women, while policeWOMEN were viewed as incompetent officers.

Question 67

Women in the United States are still at token status in police work.

Question 68

Title VII created women police officers' desire for equality.

Question 69

Some studies have found that court orders and Affirmative Action plans in specific departments worked to African American women officers' advantages.

Question 70

Historically, lesbian and gay police officers have been very closeted at work due to realistic fears of discrimination and harassment.

Question 71

Identify and discuss Heidensohn's (1992) phases of women's entry into police work in the United Kingdom and United States.

Question 72

What are some of the reasons why law enforcement officers, regardless of gender or race/ethnicity, want to be police officers?

Question 73

Workman-Stark constructed five key steps in police identity formation. What are the steps?

Question 74

Yu (2017), the leading expert on women in federal law enforcement jobs, identified two major pieces of legislation. What are they and what is their significance?

Question 75

Explain the four stages of career model identity formation for LGB police officers.