Deck 10: Knowledge and Learning

Question 1

The behaviourist approach sees learning as being motivated by _______ and reward.

Answer 1

punishment
Explanation: Behavioural learning suggests that we learn as a result of reward, for example a grade or a payment, or a punishment, such as a detention for not learning a vocabulary list.

Question 2

Learning by reward and punishment is generally viewed as a form of learning which endures over time.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: The behavioural approach, which uses punishment and reward to promote learning, can give short term results, but unless the reward is provided constantly, the learning tends to be forgotten. An example is where students learn facts for a test, where the grade is the reward, but then might forget these facts when the grade is no longer being offered.

Question 3

Which of the following is a form of learning that endures by creating patterns and associations in the mind?

A) Behavioural learning
B) Explicit knowledge
C) Gestalt learning
D) Organizational learning

Answer 3

C
Explanation: This is learning motivated by punishment and reward, and tends not to endure.

Question 4

Match the following types of knowledge to their most appropriate description.
-Knowledge of simple facts, which can easily be written down or explained.

A) Explicit knowledge
B) Tacit knowledge
C) Organizational knowledge
D) Professional knowledge

Question 5

Match the following types of knowledge to their most appropriate description.
-Knowledge that develops from experience and reflecting upon that experience.

A) Explicit knowledge
B) Tacit knowledge
C) Organizational knowledge
D) Professional knowledge

Question 6

Match the following types of knowledge to their most appropriate description.
-Knowledge shared across an organization rather than being held by one individual.

A) Explicit knowledge
B) Tacit knowledge
C) Organizational knowledge
D) Professional knowledge

Question 7

Match the following types of knowledge to their most appropriate description.
-A common body of knowledge relevant to a particular occupation.

A) Explicit knowledge
B) Tacit knowledge
C) Organizational knowledge
D) Professional knowledge

Question 8

Which of the following are examples of explicit knowledge within organizations? Please select all that apply.

A) The knowledge of an experienced pilot in an airline
B) A photocopier manual in an office
C) A recipe book in a restaurant
D) Employee records on a computer database

Question 9

A language student memorising a vocabulary list for a test is acquiring which of the following types of knowledge?

A) Tacit knowledge
B) Explicit knowledge.
C) Experiential knowledge
D) Embedded knowledge

Question 10

Which of the following activities require tacit knowledge to be performed to their best? Please select all that apply.

A) Driving a car
B) Speaking a language
C) Memorizing a vocabulary list
D) Riding a bicycle

Question 11

Which model of learning suggests that learning is a continual cycle between experience and reflection upon that experience?

A) Kolb's learning cycle
B) Nonaka's theory of knowledge transfer
C) Lave and Wenger's communities of practice
D) The Gestalt approach to learning

Question 12

Kolb's learning ____ is a model of experiential learning.

Question 13

At the end of the day, a manager is thinking about an important meeting earlier in the day which had descended into a row with no decisions being made. The manager thinks that they should have been firmer and more decisive when chairing the meeting, and so reads a training manual entitled 'How to run an effective meeting.'
Which stage of Kolb's (1984) learning cycle equates to the manager reading this manual?

A) Concrete experience
B) Reflective observation.
C) Abstract conceptualisation.
D) Active experimentation

Question 14

Match the stages of Kolb's (1984) learning cycle to their description:
-Doing something, performing an action

A) Concrete experience
B) Reflective observation
C) Abstract conceptualization
D) Active experimentation

Question 15

Match the stages of Kolb's (1984) learning cycle to their description:
-Reviewing an action that has been performed

A) Concrete experience
B) Reflective observation
C) Abstract conceptualization
D) Active experimentation

Question 16

Match the stages of Kolb's (1984) learning cycle to their description:
-Using theory to learn from an experience

A) Concrete experience
B) Reflective observation
C) Abstract conceptualization
D) Active experimentation

Question 17

Match the stages of Kolb's (1984) learning cycle to their description:
-Planning and trying out what has been learned

A) Concrete experience
B) Reflective observation
C) Abstract conceptualization
D) Active experimentation

Question 18

Frederick Taylor was an early advocate of the learning organization.

Question 19

Match the features of Senge's (1990) learning organization to their description.
-Individuals in the organization reaching their own learning potential.

A) Personal mastery
B) Mental models
C) Shared vision
D) Team learning

Question 20

Match the features of Senge's (1990) learning organization to their description.
-People are open to new ways of thinking and engage in double-loop learning.

A) Personal mastery
B) Mental models
C) Shared vision
D) Team learning

Question 21

Match the features of Senge's (1990) learning organization to their description.
-There is a strong, mutually agreed view on how the organization should be, reinforced by strong leadership.

A) Personal mastery
B) Mental models
C) Shared vision
D) Team learning

Question 22

Match the features of Senge's (1990) learning organization to their description.
-People work and communicate together.

A) Personal mastery
B) Mental models
C) Shared vision
D) Team learning

Question 23

Which of the following phrases best summarises Nonaka's (1995) theory of knowledge transfer?

A) Knowledge can cross beyond organisational boundaries
B) Knowledge is stored in the mind as a set of patterns and associations
C) The best way to get people to learn something is to offer them a reward
D) Organisational learning is most effective when tacit knowledge in one person becomes tacit knowledge in another

Question 24

For Nonaka (1985), which of the following forms of knowledge transfer are of the greatest benefit to an organization?

A) Explicit-explicit
B) Explicit-tacit
C) Tacit-explicit
D) Tacit-tacit

Question 25

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from Julian Orr's (1996) observations about knowledge being shared by photocopier engineers over lunch?

A) People learn better when they are not hungry
B) Knowledge transfer, especially of tacit knowledge, is something which takes place in social environments
C) The engineers needed access to the manuals for all of the latest machines
D) The engineers wasted too much time talking at lunchtime when they could have been out fixing photocopiers

Question 26

Learning organizations are suited to a post-bureaucratic style of managing and organizing.

Question 27

Social groupings based around a common set of occupational or professional knowledge are known as communities of_________

Question 28

Which of the following are examples of the ways in which professional knowledge might be shared across organizations? Please select all that apply.

A) Professional journals
B) Conferences
C) Patents and copyrights
D) Online forums

Question 29

Match the following forms of knowledge sharing across organizational boundaries to their description.
-Organizations in a similar industry located in close geographical proximity

A) Knowledge clusters
B) Professional knowledge
C) Open-source collaboration
D) Communities of practice

Question 30

Match the following forms of knowledge sharing across organizational boundaries to their description.
-Occupational knowledge shared, for example, through conferences and specialist journals.

A) Knowledge clusters
B) Professional knowledge
C) Open-source collaboration
D) Communities of practice

Question 31

Match the following forms of knowledge sharing across organizational boundaries to their description.
-Collective working on online projects, often involving the development of computer code.

A) Knowledge clusters
B) Professional knowledge
C) Open-source collaboration
D) Communities of practice

Question 32

Match the following forms of knowledge sharing across organizational boundaries to their description.
-A general term for the activities through which a common body of knowledge is shared, potentially between people in different organizations.

A) Knowledge clusters
B) Professional knowledge
C) Open-source collaboration
D) Communities of practice

Question 33

The automation of cognitive tasks such as decision-making and manipulating information is known as ______ intelligence

Question 34

Which of the following are examples of work which is least susceptible to being automated and replaced by artificial intelligence?

A) Tasks which require social intelligence and interaction
B) Tasks which require dealing with uncertainty or exercising discretion
C) Tasks which are in some way routine, repetitive and predictable
D) Tasks which require dexterity or kinaesthetic skills