Deck 8: Location Matters: Education and Employment Inequalities in Northern and Rural Canada

Question 1

Which of the following is not part of attempts to improve governance of Canada's Territorial North?

A) Large-scale fiscal transfer agreements
B) Increased research on larger populations in the Northern Territories
C) Creation of Nunavut in 1999
D) The establishment of Indigenous self-government agreements

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The "true" North is a status mostly reserved for ________.

A) the northernmost regions of provinces
B) Canada's northern boundary with the Artic
C) Canada's Northern Territories
D) Canada's Provincial North

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What area of Canada is often referred to as "the forgotten north"?

A) Canada's Provincial North
B) Canada's northern boundary with the Artic
C) Canada's Northern Territories
D) The Northwest Territories

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the main difference between the situation in the Provincial North and in the Northern Territories?

A) Issues around development and stability
B) Social and economic challenges
C) Relatively smaller populations and larger rural populations
D) Lack of political representation beyond the municipal level

Question 5

When it comes to levels of education, what is the Canadian North is characterized by?

A) Higher rates of high school attendance
B) Increasing numbers of post-secondary education completion
C) Lower levels of formal education
D) Lower percentages of lower levels of education

Question 6

In the 2016 census, it was noted shown that in southern, urban parts of the country, 19.4 % of the population held a bachelor's degree, while in the northern regions the percentage was _____.

A) 5.2%
B) 21.6%
C) 8.2 %
D) 7.4%

Question 7

In the 2016 census, when it came to more advanced degrees such as ___________, southern, urban regions were shown to possess almost double the percentage of degree holders when compared to the northern, rural regions.

A) dentistry, veterinary and optometry
B) optometry, medicine, and nursing
C) radiology, medicine, and dentistry
D) all of the above

Question 8

The levels of education exhibited among the northern populations ultimately _____________ in comparison to their southern counterparts.

A) increases their chance of transitioning effectively into the workforce
B) leads to more precarious situations and more disparate rewards
C) leads to less inequality among the different populations
D) decreases the levels of poverty found in the region

Question 9

Which of the following statements about Northern residents is not true?

A) They typically have difficulty securing gainful employment.
B) They show lower employment rates.
C) They are more likely to be out of the labour force.
D) They are more likely to find an equitable source of income.

Question 10

Northern and southern income disparities are more common in which provinces?

A) Saskatchewan and Manitoba
B) Manitoba and Alberta
C) Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia
D) Alberta and British Columbia

Question 11

Which one of the following is not a challenge for accessing post-secondary education for northern populations?

A) Distance to local programs and institutions
B) Most institutions are located in the southern regions of the provinces
C) Letting go of home and family
D) None of the above

Question 12

According to rural sociological studies and distance deterrence theories, which of the following is not a factor that shapes the decision to attend post-secondary education?

A) Emotional
B) Cultural
C) Economical
D) Political

Question 13

Financial costs increase when students relocate to attend post-secondary program. Which of the following is not one of these costs?

A) The initial moving and relocation costs
B) Costs of living at home
C) Day-to-day expenses
D) Buying food and paying for basic necessities

Question 14

What is an emotional factor that affects the decision to move away from home to go to school?

A) Leaving for school may make it more difficult for parents and children to have a positive relationship.
B) Leaving for school may make it easier to build positive relationships with family
C) Leaving for school may make it easier to develop cultural identity and community.
D) Leaving for school may make it easier to let go of social anonymity.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of normative standards related to "moral responsibility"?

A) Students leave for school to become independent
B) Children take care of ageing parents
C) Parents care and provide for their children until they graduate from school
D) Youth find part-time work while they attend post-secondary education

Question 16

Youth with strong ties to their families may often feel averse to leaving them for higher education for several reasons. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?

A) Feeling socially attached to their communities
B) Leaving home and their community may feel like a betrayal
C) Feeling responsible for their families
D) Fearing they won't do well in school

Question 17

What is one of the two ways in which the decision to relocate to distant post-secondary institutions is affected by culture?

A) Cultural reproduction
B) Cultural decisions
C) Cultural achievement
D) Cultural roles

Question 18

Which of the following is not a reason for youth to be motivated to move to larger cities?

A) Social and cultural activities
B) Frustration by lack of anonymity in their hometowns
C) Possibilities and experiences offered
D) The "intrusiveness" felt when living in larger cities

Question 19

Cultural reproduction refers to ______.

A) cultural norms followed by the community
B) the student's cultural and social capital built from their parents' own education, income, and aspirations
C) the disposition of not being in favour of higher education despite your family's expectations
D) the increase in interest in cultural activities despite being away from home

Question 20

Having a greater sense of how to navigate the education system, resulting in advantages, is an example of _______.

A) cultural norms
B) high social aspirations
C) cultural reproduction
D) socio-economic background

Question 21

Northern youth have higher odds of pursuing what type of post-secondary education in comparison to southern youth?

A) College
B) University
C) Both college and university
D) Graduate school

Question 22

The most noticeable discrepancies between those with no post-secondary education and those with post-secondary education are seen between:

A) Rural and urban peers from both northern and southern regions
B) Southern and northern peers from either rural or urban settings
C) Southern urban vs northern urban
D) Southern rural vs northern rural

Question 23

A recent study discovered a significant loss of human capital in northern, rural regions. This is a consequence of what?

A) Pursuing of college degrees in remote locations by high-achieving youth
B) Moving to the south for more lucrative work prospects
C) Loss of connection with family and culture
D) A and B are correct

Question 24

According to both rational choice theory and cultural reproduction, a student's educational and career aspirations, as well as their final post-secondary and workforce achievements, are influenced by __________.

A) their parents' socioeconomic standing
B) their personal aspirations in what they want to achieve in life
C) the cultural norms that are part of their community
D) all of the above

Question 25

To effectively address social inequality, new policies will need to be adapted to __________.

A) the specific barriers, opportunities, and problems that these regions face
B) narrowing our definition of rural-urban differences to exclude north-south intersections
C) outward migration of human capital
D) spatial disparities that exist among Canadians living in southern and urban areas

Question 26

The bulk of the research that examines inequalities in Canada's Northern Territories focuses on larger cities that are connected to the south.

Question 27

One of the challenges faced by the Northern Territories is that it is sparsely populated with few significant urban populations.

Question 28

Residents of the northernmost regions of the provinces experience inequalities and barriers to education and workplace success.

Question 29

Canada's Northern Territories are often referred to as "the forgotten north."

Question 30

The Provincial North faces many of the same social and economic challenges as the territories.

Question 31

Populations residing in Canada's North are more likely to complete high school and attend post-secondary education.

Question 32

Northern and rural populations tend to have higher percentages of their population with lower levels of education and smaller percentages of their population with higher levels of education.

Question 33

The percentage of southern urban people with earned doctorates, such as PhDs, is approximately triple that of northern urban and southern rural residents, and four times that of northern rural residents.

Question 34

Workforce disparities manifest themselves into unequal distributions of income.

Question 35

Nearly 50% of northern residents in Alberta report income that falls in the bottom quintile compared to other provinces.

Question 36

Provinces like Quebec and Ontario report lower differences in income amongst populations in the northern and southern regions than provinces like Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

Question 37

Uprooting from family and relocating is one of the challenges faced by students of northern regions seeking post-secondary education.

Question 38

The closer a student lives to post-secondary institutions, the higher the chance they will pursue higher education.

Question 39

Over 90% of southern youth live within 20km of post-secondary education when they are 13 years of age.

Question 40

Approximately 13.5% of northern youth live beyond 80km from a post-secondary institution, compared to 2% of southern youth.

Question 41

Educational programs and post-secondary education initiatives in northern regions need to be tailored to the needs of northern institutions and populations to avoid further narrowing the difficulties in access and the options available for these populations.

Question 42

Any educational pathway taken by youth in the northern regions will eventually manifest into advantages in the workforce.

Question 43

Having to leave home for post-secondary education raises the cost of pursuing higher education.

Question 44

From an emotional choice perspective, individuals are believed to consider the costs and benefits in making decisions.

Question 45

The emotional strain in deciding to attend post-secondary education may be more apparent in ethnic groups with 'close-knit' family systems.

Question 46

Youth strongly attached to familial structures and moral responsibility are often averse to leaving their homes to pursue higher education.

Question 47

Youth from northern and rural areas may be intimidated by the perceived or real possibilities and experiences offered by larger cities.

Question 48

Northern youth often feel that in their hometowns, everyone knows everyone else's business, and this is a motivator to leave home and relocate for post-secondary education.

Question 49

According to the general theory of cultural reproduction, youth from higher social classes gain cultural capital as a result of a well-rounded upbringing that includes exposure to the fine arts.

Question 50

Youth from higher socioeconomic backgrounds may develop a 'habitus' or tendency toward postsecondary education as something that has always been expected at some point in their lives.

Question 51

Parents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may encourage their children to attend local post-secondary institutions, increasing their educational and employment prospects significantly.

Question 52

Urban youth in the South have a considerably higher chance of attending university than youth in other parts of the country (43 percent probability).

Question 53

Students' choice of field of study or major is also influenced by where they live, with students from northern and rural areas underrepresented in STEM-related fields.

Question 54

What does the Canadian Provincial North have in common with the Northern Territories? What are the challenges they experience?

Question 55

What are the challenges faced by populations in the northern regions when it comes to accessing higher education?

Question 56

Provinces are being prompted to lower the rate of duplication and redundancy of educational programs. What are the implications for northern institutions?

Question 57

What are the different economic factors students in northern regions need to consider? How might these affect their choices?

Question 58

What key cultural aspects affect the decision to relocate for education? Explain each.

Question 59

How has the political and socio-economic climate of Canada's north impacted the population? What information can be drawn from the censuses of 2011 and 2016?

Question 60

Describe the factors that affect decision-making related to post-secondary education according to sociological studies and distance deterrence theories.

Question 61

What role does location play in the educational and early employment outcomes of northern and rural youth?

Question 62

How do employment inequalities vary over time? How does time affect populations from the north compared to the south by the time they turn 30?

Question 63

How would you describe the ways in which modern societies' spatial location serves as a foundation for social inequality?

Question 64

How are key disparities in proximity to post-secondary education institutions influencing young people's achievement of educational and professional goals?

Question 65

Thinking of the place you live in, which are some of the disparities that you find in the context of your city or town? How do they affect your own positionality and perspective?