Deck 9: Naturalism and Humanitarian Reform

Question 1

Naturalism, as a philosophical perspective, is the doctrine that

A) scientific procedures and laws are applicable to all phenomena.
B) to be a scientist one must be an atheist.
C) science is applicable to the worlds of physics, chemistry, and biology, but not necessarily to psychology.
D) origins are relatively unimportant, what is important is the here and now. The present must be
Understood naturalistically.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cosmogony refers to

A) the study of the makeup of the universe
B) the study of the origin of the universe
C) the study of the organization of the universe
D) the study of the size of the universe

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The nebular hypothesis was a bold naturalistic account of the origin of the solar system. Two names
Associated with the nebular hypotheses are

A) Pierre Simon de Laplace and Immanuel Kant.
B) Francis Bacon and John Locke.
C) David Hume and Baruch Spinoza.
D) Robert Whytt and Michele de Montaigne.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_______ was one of the first to actually conduct an experiment designed to estimate the age of the earth.

A) Immanuel Kant
B) Pierre Simon de Laplace
C) Comte de Buffon
D) Erasmus Darwin

Question 5

_______, the author of Principles of Geology, is often regarded as the founder of modern geology.

A) Sir Charles Lyell
B) Erasmus Darwin
C) Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier
D) Comte de Buffon

Question 6

_____ is the belief that changes on earth occur at a very slow pace over vast stretches of time. This view is
Often contrasted with _____ which promotes the idea that all changes in the earth are sudden and
Dramatic.

A) unilateralism . . . disaster theory
B) uniformitarianism . . . catastrophe theory
C) catastrophe theory . . . uniformism
D) linear theory . . . disaster theory

Question 7

Evolutionary theory developed

A) in an intellectual vacuum.
B) in the shadow of an unquestioned Biblical creation theory.
C) in the midst of a theological debates about the Biblical creation theory.
D) to elaborate on the details of Biblical creation theory.

Question 8

______ was the first to propose that evolution is driven by the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

A) Lamarck
B) Buffon
C) Erasmus Darwin
D) Charles Darwin

Question 9

_______ was one of the first to argue that there are vanishing forms or extinction of entire species. This was a
Bolder claim than it might appear to be because in that day Biblical creationists claimed that God could not
Make mistakes and therefore there could be no vanishing forms.

A) Lamarck
B) Buffon
C) Erasmus Darwin
D) Descartes

Question 10

Progressionism, the idea that there is a steady, linear advance across species, was advanced by

A) Lamarck
B) Buffon
C) Erasmus Darwin
D) Charles Darwin

Question 11

________ argued that species are human constructions based partly on our need for convenient classificatory
Schemes. He held that, in nature, plants and animals are simply steps in an ongoing gradual process.

A) Descartes
B) Swammerdam
C) Kant
D) Lamarck

Question 12

In Tierra del Fuego, Darwin speculated that "Nature by making habit omnipotent, and its effects hereditary,
Has fitted the Fuegian to the climate and the productions of the miserable country." The significance of this
Statement is that it shows that

A) Darwin had the mechanism of evolution figured out in the early parts of the voyage of the Beagle.
B) In his early thought, Darwin accepted the concept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
C) Darwin was the first to elevate the importance of habit and this had a major impact on early psychology.
D) it nicely summarizes the principle of natural selection.

Question 13

After returning to England following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin continued to struggle with the
Mechanism of evolution. A breakthrough came when he read the work of ________ on the principle of
_______.

A) Kant . . . Heteronomy
B) Kant . . . the synthetic a priori
C) Leibniz . . . petites perceptions
D) Malthus . . . population growth

Question 14

The first essential technical point in Darwin's original theory is that

A) a habit is omnipotent.
B) all species produce more offspring than can possibly survive.
C) change is sometimes gradual and sometimes catastrophic.
D) changes are often qualitative.

Question 15

According to the text, which of the following is NOT characteristic of evolutionary psychology?

A) It challenges the idea that humans are born as "blank slates"
B) It emphasizes commonalities between humans and non-human animals
C) It provides a balanced treatment of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
D) It provides a distinction between psychology and other biological sciences

Question 16

_____ was an English biologist inspired by Darwin who wrote a number of books in an enthusiastic attempt to found a science of animal behavior based in evolutionary theory.

A) Lloyd Morgan
B) Herbert Spencer
C) George John Romanes
D) Joseph Jastrow

Question 17

"In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be
Interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." This
Extension of Ockham's Razor and principle of parsimony was advanced by _______ as a means of countering
The anthropomorphism of early comparative psychologists.

A) Conwy Lloyd Morgan
B) Charles Darwin
C) William Thierry Preyer
D) Jacques Loeb

Question 18

The debate between _____ and _____ centers on the nature of psychological explanations and whether
Such explanations should emphasize adequate or concise measurement.

A) richness . . . precision
B) accuracy . . . development
C) fullness . . . emptiness
D) description . . . prediction

Question 19

Early evolutionary theorists were captivated by the idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This idea
Means that

A) there is no qualitative difference between animal and human consciousness.
B) all change is gradual.
C) the offspring will always resemble the parents.
D) each individual goes through the developmental stages that characterize the history of the race.

Question 20

_____ wrote The Mind of the Child, a classic in developmental psychology.

A) Thierry Preyer
B) Sir Francis Galton
C) John Romanes
D) Joseph Jastrow

Question 21

Following the work of Darwin, psychologists focused more of their attention on the problems of

A) human consciousness
B) the normal adult mind
C) the pure science aspects of psychology
D) adaptation

Question 22

______, the author of Hereditary Genius, emphasized the role of biology in individual differences.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Sir Francis Galton
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

Question 23

In the work of _______ we encounter an attempt to apply evolution to all branches of human knowledge.

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Comte de Buffon
C) Sir Charles Lyell
D) Jacob Sprenger

Question 24

Explanations based on demonological beliefs probably reached their apogee

A) in the early Middle Ages.
B) in the late Middle Ages, around 1200.
C) in the early Renaissance, around 1400.
D) in the mid-seventeenth century.

Question 25

The Malleus Maleficarum (translated as The Hammer against Witches) was written by Dominican Friars
Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. First Published in 1486, it

A) was never very popular though somewhat influential in the Spanish inquisition.
B) was popular for about 50 years and then became a source of shame to those who practiced its teachings.
C) was placed on the Index of Forbidden books by Pope Innocent VIII.
D) was one of the most influential books of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Question 26

Which of the following was NOT provided in the Malleus Maleficarum

A) Classification of witches and devils
B) Description of methods used by witches and devils
C) Procedures for bringing witches to justice
D) Methods to differentiate witchcraft from natural illness

Question 27

There is now evidence that the witch hunts in Europe, at their height, resulted in the executions of

A) about 100 women.
B) 800 women and a few men.
C) tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of victims, largely women.
D) about and equal number of men and women probably numbering around 2000 of each sex.

Question 28

Profit was made from the witch hunts because

A) the property of the suspected witch was sold to pay for trials and thus profits were often made from legal
Proceedings.
B) the people were so grateful to be rid of suspected witches that they made enormous contributions to the
Inquisition.
C) people were charged a fee to watch the burning of witches.
D) people had to pay fees to witness trials.

Question 29

As early as 1563, _____ challenged the belief in witches by suggesting that most women accused were
Harmless individuals with mental disorders. He was then accused of witchcraft.

A) Martin Luther
B) Pope Innocent VIII
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Johann Weyer

Question 30

_____ argued that belief in demons is pure nonsense because there could be only one power and that is
God)

A) Martin Luther
B) Pope Innocent VIII
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Benjamin Rush

Question 31

In what ways did Descartes contribute to the demise of belief in demons?

A) He denied altogether that demons exist
B) He argued that God controlled all things and since God was the only real power, there was really no work
Left for demons
C) he placed such a strong emphasis on the relationship between brain activity and psychological processes,
That there was no room left for other agencies
D) he pointed out that belief in demons had turned out to be sexist since most of those burned at the stake
Were women

Question 32

According to the text, which of the following clinicians introduced the "idea of psychotherapy as theater?"

A) William Tuke
B) Phillipe Pinel
C) Franz Anton Mesmer
D) Benjamin Rush

Question 33

_____ developed a treatment for various illnesses based on his belief in the role of magnetism as it interacts with the body.

A) William Tuke
B) Phillipe Pinel
C) Franz Anton Mesmer
D) Benjamin Rush

Question 34

According to the text, what was the final ruling from the "Franklin Commission," a committee convened to
Investigate the medical practices of a well-known therapist?

A) Benjamin Rush was found guilty of malpractice relating to his use of bloodletting.
B) Franz Anton Mesmer's therapy was found to be the product of deception or the power of suggestion.
C) Phillipe Pinel was found to be negligent in his release of dangerous and deranged patients from the
Bicêtre Asylum.
D) Sigmund Freud was found to be in violation of the bylaws of the Vienna Medical Academy.

Question 35

The classic book A Treatise on Insanity written by _______ outlined a new classification system for mental
Disorders, discussed etiology, and gave advice on hospital management techniques and therapy.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Jonathan Edwards
C) Phillipe Pinel
D) Dorthea Dix

Question 36

According to ________, mental disorders have their origin primarily in the blood vessels of the brain. In his
Opinion, disturbances of circulation were involved in all disease and mental disorders were no exception. He
Argued for humane treatment of people with mental illnesses.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) René Descartes
C) Baruch Spinoza
D) Vincenzo Chiarugi

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a contribution from Benjamin Rush?

A) The first psychiatrist to advocate the use of occupational therapy in the treatment of emotional disorders.
B) Inventor of the "Tranquilizing Chair" and the "Gyrator."
C) A famous advocate of bloodletting and the "circulation model" of mental disease
D) A pioneer in the study of "doubling" (today called "Dissociative Identity Disorder") and the first person
To use the phrase "phrenology."

Question 38

Some of the most important reform movements in the care and treatment of people with mental illnesses in England were carried on at the York Retreat. Important names associated with the York Retreat are

A) Franz Joseph Gall and Benjamin Rush.
B) William Tuke and Daniel Hack Tuke.
C) Florence Nightingale and Franz Joseph Gall.
D) Florence Nightingale and Dorthea Lynde Dix.

Question 39

One of the first to employ psychodrama in therapy, ________ set up reforms in his country remarkably similar to
And sometimes more advanced than those employed by Pinel. He also published many of his views prior to
Pinel's publications. He was

A) Daniel Hack Tuke
B) David Hartley
C) Vincenzo Chiarugi
D) Johann Weyer

Question 40

Considered a founder of modern psychotherapy, _____ used therapeutic techniques such as psychodrama, music therapy, and occupational therapy in order to treat disorders he thought arose from a disunity of psychological processes.

A) Daniel Hack Tuke
B) David Hartley
C) Vincenzo Chiarugi
D) Johann Christian Reil

Question 41

According to the text, the great reformer Dorthea Lynde Dix may have done much to create a climate friendly to
The development of psychology because

A) she openly advocated a science of psychology.
B) of her great ability to mobilize public opinion about problems faced by people with mental illnesses.
C) of her original studies on sensory processes.
D) of her psychiatric work in the Civil War as Superintendent of Union Army Nurses.

Question 42

Under the leadership of _____, reform in the care of people with mental illnesses became a massive social movement in
The United States

A) Johann Christian Reil
B) William Tuke
C) Dorthea Dix
D) Phillipe Pinel

Question 43

The individual who treated the so-called "Wild Boy of Aveyron" is one of the great pioneers in the study of the
Care and treatment of children with cognitive disabilities. This person was

A) Dorthea Lynde Dix.
B) Daniel Hack Tuke.
C) Jean Itard.
D) Vincenzo Chiarugi.

Question 44

Prior to the modern period, children with mental or physical disabilities were commonly attributed to

A) "sinful parents" who had intercourse during menstruation.
B) an evil force that had substituted a changeling for a healthy child.
C) both a and b are true.
D) pure chance.

Question 45

________ was a French pioneer in the study and treatment of individuals with cognitive disabilities. His efforts inspired the raising of funds for training facilities.

A) Edouard Sequin
B) Vincenzo Chiarugi
C) Jules Lequier
D) Phillipe Pinel

Question 46

________ argued that woman's health and social equality depended, in part, on the possibility of birth control

A) Dorthea Lynde Dix.
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Margaret Sanger
D) Susan B. Anthony