Question 1

People in the world today enumerate &#34;races&#34; differently, with Americans claiming there are three.

Accepted Answer

Americans claim there are three races: Caucasian, Negroid, and Mongoloid.

Question 2

As of now, the answer to the question &#34;how did Europe get farming some 8,000 years ago&#34; is&#10;A) they invented it independent of any other source&#10;B) the idea diffused from the Middle East as groups borrowed the idea from neighbors&#10;C) Middle Eastern farmers migrated westward, interbred with local hunter-gatherers, and brought farming with them&#10;D) boats traversed the then much narrower Straits of Gibraltar bringing farming from North Africa

Accepted Answer

Archaeological evidence suggests that the practice of farming originated in the Middle East some 10,000 years ago and gradually spread to neighboring regions through cultural diffusion, as groups borrowed the idea from their neighbors rather than inventing it independently. As farming spread, it transformed European societies from small-scale mobile groups of hunter-gatherers into settled communities, leading to the development of civilizations. While there may have been some interbreeding between local hunter-gatherer populations and incoming farmers, the idea of Middle Eastern farmers migrating westward and bringing farming with them is not supported by current evidence. Similarly, there is no evidence that boats brought farming from North Africa to Europe.

Question 3

Of the following questions about earliest Native Americans, which is the most controversial among anthropologists?&#10;A) the continent they came from&#10;B) when they arrived&#10;C) how they got here&#10;D) why they came

Accepted Answer

There is still ongoing debate among anthropologists about the timing of the arrival of the first Native Americans to the Americas. Some believe it happened as early as 30,000 years ago, while others argue for a more recent arrival around 12,000 years ago. The other questions, while still debated to some extent, have more widely accepted theories and evidence.

Question 4

Of the following, which group has the largest cranial capacity?&#10;A) European AMH&#10;B) Asian AMH&#10;C) Neandertals&#10;D) African AMH

Accepted Answer

Neandertals had a larger cranial capacity on average than all other groups listed.

Question 5

Of the following, which is the only set of human traits to covary?&#10;A) skin color and stature&#10;B) height and weight&#10;C) hair form and hair color&#10;D) shoe size and eye color

Accepted Answer

Height and weight are the only set of human traits that covary. This means that as height increases, weight also tends to increase, and vice versa. This is because weight is influenced by factors such as muscle mass and body fat, which are often correlated with height. In contrast, skin color, hair form, hair color, shoe size, and eye color are all traits that are largely determined by genetics and are not strongly related to other physical characteristics.

Question 6

All of the following argue that &#34;race&#34; today is more cultural than biological EXCEPT&#10;A) birth certificates may cite one &#34;race&#34; at birth and another at death&#10;B) the Japanese consider themselves to differ in &#34;race&#34; from Koreans, but they are genetically almost identical&#10;C) there is considerable covariation among hair color, skin color, and eye color&#10;D) African populations differ more than any other large group, yet have had the fewest &#34;racial&#34;subdivision designations

Accepted Answer

Options A, B, and D all provide evidence that "race" is more cultural than biological. Option A suggests that one's "race" may change over time, which implies that it is not a fixed biological category. Option B suggests that two groups may consider themselves different "races" even if they are genetically very similar, which also implies that "race" is not solely determined by biology. Option D indicates that "racial" categories may be arbitrary and not reflect the true genetic diversity that exists within human populations. Option C, on the other hand, does not provide any evidence that "race" is more cultural than biological. The covariation among hair color, skin color, and eye color may be due to genetic factors, but this does not necessarily mean that "race" is biologically determined.

Question 7

Population genetics is based on the Hardy-Weinberg law that states that&#10;A) microevolution has very different causes than macroevolution&#10;B) races but not species will change in short periods of time&#10;C) humans evolve for the same reasons as all other animals&#10;D) populations will not change if the &#34;forces&#34; of evolution are kept in check

Accepted Answer

The Hardy-Weinberg law states that if certain conditions are met, a population's allele frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation, and therefore the population will not change. This suggests that if the "forces" of evolution (such as mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection) are kept in check, populations will not change over time.

Question 8

Discuss the two hypotheses for how Europe got farming 8,000 years ago and provide evidence to support one or the other.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the two hypotheses for how Europe...

Question 9

Why is Kennewick Man controversial, what is the status of him now, and why do scientists want to study him?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is Kennewick Man controversial, what is...

Question 10

Discuss Thompson's Rule, nose shape, and modern human variability.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss Thompson's Rule, nose shape, and modern...

Question 11

Why should the sickle cell condition not exist? Why does it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why should the sickle cell condition not...

Question 12

Discuss this statement: &#34;baboons form distinctive geographic and biological groups, but humans do not.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss this statement: &#34;baboons form distinctive geographic...

Question 13

What has the fact that Indians live in Asia, have darkly pigmented skin, but straight hair and faces, have to do with &#34;race&#34;?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What has the fact that Indians live...

Question 14

How would you go about reconstructing the face of an individual if all you had was a skull? How accurate is it likely to be?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would you go about reconstructing the...

Question 15

What 5 questions do forensic anthropologists ask of any skeletal material they are to analyze? Which is the most important question?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What 5 questions do forensic anthropologists ask...

Question 16

Discuss two of the following traits relative to the environmental cause of its variability: skin color, body build, nose shape.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss two of the following traits relative...

Question 17

Discuss the nonexistence of &#34;biological races&#34; as explained by contemporary biological anthropologists.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the nonexistence of &#34;biological races&#34; as...

Question 18

Discuss the new role of bioanthropologists in forensic cases. What can they do better than any other specialists?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the new role of bioanthropologists in...

Question 19

Your job as a forensic anthropologist is to identify the sex of a fossil you have been given. Do it in order of success of identifying, pointing out which traits are male and which are female. How certain are you?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your job as a forensic anthropologist is...

Deck 15: Contemporary Humans