Deck 5: Visual Technologies, Reproduction, and the Copy

Question 1

Scholars of ____________ proposed that understanding the work of designing, making, and using a technological machine is as important as understanding what a technology produces.

A) technological determinism
B) apparatus theory
C) cinema studies
D) copyright law

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As used by semiotician Charles Pierce, a photograph's ____________ is its ability to serve as empirical evidence of the real.

A) authenticity
B) expression of idea
C) indexical quality
D) aura

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Walter Benjamin defined a work of art's ____________ as "its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be."

A) authenticity
B) expression of idea
C) indexical quality
D) aura

Answer 3

D

Question 4

____________ permits copying without permission of the copyright holder in certain limited cases, such as educational purpose, commentary, criticism, or parody.

A) Fair use
B) Noeme
C) Digital reproduction
D) Appropriation

Question 5

A digital image is different from a traditional film photograph in that it does not have a __________.

A) mode of reproduction
B) light source
C) negative
D) real subject

Question 6

Whereas a(n) ____________ finds its original referent in the real, a ____________ generates a new "real" without an original.

A) expression of an idea; reproduction
B) representation; simulation
C) objective photograph; staged photograph
D) analog photograph; digital photograph

Question 7

What is the process of printing 3D objects from blueprints or samples?

A) artisanal printing
B) replication
C) rapid prototyping
D) dimensional printing

Question 8

Who argued that we should study capitalism's mode of production and structural system of labor to disarm it?

A) Louis Althusser
B) Greg Siegel
C) Jacques Ellul
D) Geoffrey Batchen

Question 9

According to Nancy West, what is the dominant hope of American culture since the early nineteenth century?

A) clear and fair copyright laws
B) to capture an object's aura in a photograph
C) life-like cinematic projection
D) effortless abundance

Question 10

The value of ____________ comes not solely from its uniqueness but rather from its status as being the original from which a multitude of copies derive.

A) View of the Boulevard du Temple
B) The Horse in Motion
C) Mona Lisa
D) L.H.O.O.Q.

Question 11

The pink triangle used in Silence = Death is a(n) __________ of a homophobic Nazi symbol.

A) reproduction
B) appropriation
C) simulation
D) referent

Question 12

Why is the Fair Use Doctrine not sufficient protection for some artists who frequently copy, borrow, and appropriate?

A) Artists who work in this way tend to have significantly less money than those whose images they use and can therefore not afford a sufficient legal team.
B) Because much contemporary art rejects the concept of newness, using copying as the primary building block of creativity, it may not be read as transforming the original.
C) Most judges are insufficiently knowledgeable about what can and cannot fall under "fair use."
D) The increase in image reproduction since the digital turn has created an environment in which it is impossible to differentiate between the original and its copy.

Question 13

Which artist, according to law professor Amy Adler, uses copying and appropriation to question authorship and disrupt the audience's search for stability in meaning?

A) Richard Prince
B) Shepard Fairey
C) Amy Adler
D) Michael Mandiberg

Question 14

Which element of Henry Peach Robinson's Fading Away best reflects contemporary anxieties about the "realness" of digital images?

A) Fading Away was the first time a photographer captured his own likeness in an image.
B) It is one of the earliest examples of creative geography.
C) The image was actually a composite of five images.
D) The girl posited as sick with tuberculosis was perfectly healthy.

Question 15

Disseminated by Kodak to labs that processed film, the Shirley card was a reference card used to calibrate skin tone. The original Shirley card, named for the first woman who sat for it, and many subsequent versions, used only one model in the image, and she was white. This lasted until 1995, when Kodak introduced a reference card featuring a white, Asian, and black woman with different skin tones. The Shirley card serves as an example of the ways in which ____________ are embedded in machine design, put into play just by using them.

A) social and political perspectives
B) technological advancements
C) the psychic effects of industrialization
D) countervisual strategies

Question 16

Amazon's Prime Air is a delivery system that will use drones to get packages to customers in thirty minutes. While Aaron appreciates the convenience of this program, he is hesitant to choose it as his preferred delivery method when he checks out. Jake, on the other hand, excitedly chooses Prime Air. Thrilled to receive his new spatula and persuaded that new technologies move society forward, Jake would like to be part of the innovative delivery system from the very beginning. Jake is a(n) ____________.

A) apparatus theorist
B) empiricist
C) technological determinist
D) spectrophotometrist

Question 17

In the 1970s and 1980s, Camel cigarettes advertised with a campaign called "Where a Man Belongs." It featured a blonde, brawny, mustached man constantly smoking a Camel or lighting one. He was depicted in the rugged terrain of ambiguously exotic locales. He walked across deserts, manned his own raft down a river surrounded by a rainforest, and set up camp next to wolves on snowy mountains. He was everywhere but nowhere you'd been. This ad campaign is most similar to the fantasy world associated with which product?

A) Polaroid's SX-70 Land camera
B) the Zoetrope
C) the LEBLOZ app
D) Kodak's Brownie camera

Question 18

In 2017, artist Cady Noland filed a lawsuit seeking the destruction of Log Cabin (1990), a wooden sculpture formerly attributed to Noland that she has since disavowed. The suit states that, in an effort to conserve the piece, the collector who owned it, Wilhelm Schürmann, entirely reconstructed it from new wood without requesting permission from or notifying the artist. Noland argues that rather than restoring the original, Schürmann built an unauthorized copy of Log Cabin, which he sold for $1.4 million shortly thereafter. This copy and its subsequent sale violated the ____________ of her work.

A) fair use
B) expression of an idea
C) authenticity
D) noeme

Question 19

Gigi is a photographer who uses analog film exclusively. She has told her children that when she dies, she would like all her negatives burned. As the negatives will be permanently destroyed, no one will print an image she did not want seen by the public or poorly print an image she did like. While control over her body of work is her true motivation, once the negatives are destroyed, prints by her that are already in circulation will no longer be reproduced, adding to their value as a(n) ____________.

A) original
B) expression of an idea
C) commodity
D) readymade

Question 20

In 2002, the FBI detained Bangladeshi-born artist Hasan Elahi at the Detroit Metropolitan airport, pursuing an erroneous tip that he was stockpiling explosive devices in a storage unit in Florida. Following this incident, he created Tracking Transience, an ongoing project whose audience can visit a website that shows Elahi's current and past locations. In addition, he has uploaded over 46,000 images and compiled databases that log the smallest minutiae of his everyday life. His use of automated technology to create a surfeit of information focused on process is most like ____________.

A) Anya Gallaccio's Beautiful Minds.
B) a 3D-printed figure shaped to look like Marcel Duchamp's Fountain.
C) John Heartfield's Adolf as Superman: "He Swallows Gold and Spits Out Tin-Plate."
D) Henry Peach Robinson's Fading Away.

Question 21

Explain the initial opposition to photography in the fine art market.

Question 22

Why is the reproduction of Latin American revolutionary figure Che Guevara ironic?

Question 23

Even if the photographer obtains consent from his or her subject, what does John David Viera critique as the deeper problem of the rights over one's own image or likeness?

Question 24

Use the terminology of Charles Pierce to explain what happens to the idea of photographic truth when an image that looks like a photograph is created on a computer with no camera at all.

Question 25

Compare John Constable's Deadham Vale (1802) to J. M. W. Turner's Rain, Speed and Steam - The Great Western Railway (1844). What do they tell us about the impacts of industrialization on the landscape?

Question 26

Describe two artworks that reproduced Sherrie Levine's Untitled (After Edward Weston, ca. 1925) (1981). How does each work address replication in the visual arts?