Question 1

Hypertension affects how much of the population worldwide?&#10;A) Less than 5%&#10;B) 5-10%&#10;C) 10-15%&#10;D) Up to 25%&#10;E) More than 50%

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hypertension affects up to 25% of the adult population worldwide.

Question 2

Untreated hypertension can result in all of the following EXCEPT:&#10;A) Coronary and peripheral artery diseases&#10;B) Myocardial infarct&#10;C) Asthma&#10;D) Chronic renal failure&#10;E) Left ventricular hypertrophy

Accepted Answer

Untreated hypertension can lead to various cardiovascular and renal complications such as coronary and peripheral artery diseases, myocardial infarct, chronic renal failure, and left ventricular hypertrophy. However, asthma is not a known consequence of untreated hypertension.

Question 3

How do cardioselective beta-blockers get their name?&#10;A) They only affect the heart.&#10;B) Heart tissue has special enzymes that activate these drugs.&#10;C) These drugs prefer &#946;-1 receptors, and heart tissue has mostly &#946;-1 receptors.&#10;D) &#946;-1 receptors elsewhere in the body do not respond.&#10;E) &#946;-2 receptors show decreased responsiveness.

Accepted Answer

Cardioselective beta-blockers get their name because they preferentially bind to β-1 receptors, which are predominantly found in cardiac tissue. This selectivity allows them to primarily affect the heart and not other organs that have both β-1 and β-2 receptors, such as the lungs, where blocking β-2 receptors could lead to bronchoconstriction.

Question 4

Nebivolol is a newer beta-blocker that also does which of the following?&#10;A) Decreases cholinergic activity&#10;B) Increases nitric oxide (NO) activity&#10;C) Significantly enhances the activity of certain diuretics&#10;D) Increases blood volume&#10;E) Affects alpha receptors

Accepted Answer

Nebivolol is a beta-blocker that increases nitric oxide (NO) activity, leading to vasodilation and improved blood flow. It does not affect cholinergic activity, diuretics, blood volume, or alpha receptors.

Question 5

The primary cause of the vast majority of cases of hypertension is unclear.

Accepted Answer

While certain lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of exercise, and high-sodium diets can contribute to hypertension, the exact cause is not fully understood in most cases. Some cases may be attributed to genetics or underlying medical conditions.

Question 6

Nitric oxide (NO) is a powerful vasoconstrictor and can increase blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator, meaning it relaxes the walls of blood vessels and can lower blood pressure.

Question 7

Long-term, regular exercise leads to a relative decrease in catecholamine output at comparable exercise levels.

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise leads to adaptations in the nervous system, including a decrease in catecholamine output at comparable exercise levels. This means that individuals who regularly exercise may not experience the same increase in catecholamines during exercise as individuals who do not exercise regularly.

Question 8

A single episode of aerobic exercise decreases blood pressure during the post-exercise period, a phenomenon called post-exercise hypotension.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. A single episode of aerobic exercise has been shown to decrease blood pressure during the post-exercise period, which is referred to as post-exercise hypotension.

Question 9

For most individuals with hypertension, regular exercise causes significant lower blood pressure and eliminates the need for drugs.

Accepted Answer

While regular exercise can significantly lower blood pressure and is a key component of managing hypertension, it does not eliminate the need for medication in most individuals. Treatment plans are personalized and often include both lifestyle changes and medication.

Question 10

All hypertensives should refrain from weight lifting because extremely high blood pressures occur during maximal lifts.

Accepted Answer

While it is true that extremely high blood pressures can occur during maximal lifts, not all hypertensives should refrain from weight lifting. In fact, weight lifting can be beneficial for hypertensives if done under proper supervision and with caution. It is important for hypertensives to consult with their healthcare provider before starting any weight lifting program.

Question 11

Exercise does not generally override the effects of beta-blockers on the heart in hypertensive patients or patients with arrhythmias.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exercise does not generally override the effects...

Question 12

Because of their effect on metabolism, beta-blockers are a good choice for people with type-II diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because of their effect on metabolism, beta-blockers...

Question 13

Beta-blockers are ergolytic, and no advantage is gained from their use in certain types of competition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Beta-blockers are ergolytic, and no advantage is...

Question 14

Cells that are active in fat storage and fat metabolism are called _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cells that are active in fat storage...

Question 15

When the resting heart rate is too slow and the individual becomes uncomfortable, the condition is called _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the resting heart rate is too...

Deck 4: Beta-Blockers and Cardiovascular Disease