Question 1

How is the parasympathetic nervous system characterized?&#10;A) By using norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter&#10;B) By having very short post-ganglionic fibers&#10;C) By having long post-ganglionic fibers that branch extensively&#10;D) By its ability to increase heart rate&#10;E) By its ability to control skeletal muscle

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by having very short post-ganglionic fibers. This is because the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system are located near or within the organs they innervate, leading to shorter distances for the post-ganglionic fibers to travel.

Question 2

How is the sympathetic nervous system characterized?&#10;A) By having muscarinic receptors&#10;B) By its innervation of skeletal muscle&#10;C) By having long post-ganglionic fibers that branch extensively&#10;D) By slowing the rate of contraction in the heart&#10;E) By having close to a 1:1 ration of pre- and post-ganglionic fibers

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is characterized by having long post-ganglionic fibers that branch extensively. This allows for widespread activation of target tissues and organs. Choice A is incorrect because muscarinic receptors are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, not the sympathetic nervous system. Choice B is incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system typically innervates smooth muscle and glands, not skeletal muscle. Choice D is incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system increases the rate and force of contraction in the heart, not slows it down. Choice E is incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system typically has a relatively small number of post-ganglionic fibers compared to pre-ganglionic fibers.

Question 3

What is the name of the site where two neurons communicate?&#10;A) A gap junction&#10;B) A tight junction&#10;C) A homeopathic interaction&#10;D) A synapse&#10;E) A ganglionic structure

Accepted Answer

The site where two neurons communicate is called a synapse. A synapse is a small gap or junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received, allowing for communication between the two neurons.

Question 4

The primary hormone released by the adrenal medulla, which can also have neurotransmitter activity, is referred to as which of the following?&#10;A) Adrenaline&#10;B) Dopamine&#10;C) Cortisol&#10;D) Norepinephrine&#10;E) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is the primary hormone released by the adrenal medulla and can also act as a neurotransmitter.

Question 5

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter for post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine is the primary transmitter for post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system, while acetylcholine is the transmitter for pre-ganglionic neurons. Epinephrine is also released by the adrenal gland and can act as a neurotransmitter in some parts of the body, but it is not the primary transmitter for post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 6

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter used in ganglions of the sympathetic nervous system.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

The primary neurotransmitter used in the ganglions of the sympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.

Question 7

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter used in ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

The transmitter used in ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.

Question 8

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter used at muscarinic receptors.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

Muscarinic receptors are activated by acetylcholine as their primary transmitter. Neither norepinephrine nor epinephrine are responsible for transmitting signals at muscarinic receptors.

Question 9

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter released from the adrenal medulla.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

The transmitter released from the adrenal medulla is primarily epinephrine, with a smaller amount of norepinephrine also released. Acetylcholine is typically released by cholinergic neurons.

Question 10

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter used by motor neurons.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

Motor neurons primarily use acetylcholine as their transmitter. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 11

Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter used at nicotinic receptors.&#10;A) norepinephrine&#10;B) Epinephrine&#10;C) Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Matching Question:&#10;-The transmitter used at nicotinic receptors.&#10;A)...

Question 12

When an autonomic nerve fiber is severed, the target organ can often maintain some type of spontaneous activity

Accepted Answer

The answer of When an autonomic nerve fiber is severed,...

Question 13

Following intense exercise, the level of pain suppressing chemicals related to morphine and cannabinoids increases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Following intense exercise, the level of pain...

Question 14

Highly trained individuals have marked increase in cortisol levels following a stressful event compared to untrained subjects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Highly trained individuals have marked increase in...

Question 15

During recovery from a bout of intense or prolonged exercise, cortisol released from the adrenal cortex helps reduce inflammation in skeletal muscles.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During recovery from a bout of intense...

Question 16

Beta-1 and beta-2 receptors are evenly distributed throughout the body.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Beta-1 and beta-2 receptors are evenly distributed...

Question 17

Neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell stimulate the post-synaptic cell to propagate the signal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic cell stimulate...

Question 18

Exercise increases adrenal activity and makes stress worse-it should be avoided.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exercise increases adrenal activity and makes stress...

Question 19

Allostatic load results from chronic or persistent stress.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Allostatic load results from chronic or persistent...

Question 20

Beta-1 receptors dominate in the heart and beta-2 receptors dominate in the lungs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Beta-1 receptors dominate in the heart and...

Deck 3: Autonomic Pharmacology and Stress