Deck 19: Mental Health Treatment

Question 1

All of the following are aspects of psychotherapy that differ from other personal relationships, EXCEPT:

A) Psychotherapy is focused entirely on the client's problems and needs.
B) Psychotherapists receive a fee for their services.
C) Psychotherapy takes place in free-form, unstructured settings.
D) The relationship between client and therapist is expected to terminate.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The client-therapist relationship in which the therapist functions as a mentally sound "doctor" treating "patients" who are, at least in comparison, less than mentally sound, is typical of

A) psychoanalysis
B) behaviour therapy
C) group therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Typically, these kinds of therapists see themselves as something closer to a teacher and the client as a student whose task it is to substitute adaptive patterns of behaviour for maladaptive patterns.

A) psychoanalysts
B) behaviour therapists
C) marriage and family therapists
D) cognitive therapists

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you begin therapy and your therapist seems to want to use "hypothesis-testing" techniques to correct irrational or inaccurate beliefs that might be triggering your emotional pain or dysfunction, you are likely seeing a

A) psychoanalyst
B) behaviour therapist
C) insight therapist
D) cognitive therapist

Question 5

This was the first and also the most expensive and time-consuming type of therapy.

A) psychoanalysis
B) psychodynamic therapy
C) behaviour therapy
D) insight therapy

Question 6

Freud's notion that psychological problems are caused by tension within a person's own mind between mental forces that are at odds with one another, is called

A) intrapsychic conflict
B) unconscious processing
C) primary process
D) conflict resolution

Question 7

In classical psychoanalysis, to obtain insight into his or her unconscious conflicts, the patient must

A) overcome his or her fear of death
B) overcome his or her resistance to the insight
C) defend the ego against free associations
D) learn to control the autonomic nervous system

Question 8

In psychoanalysis, the primary goal of dream work is to interpret the dream content based on

A) the patient's memory of the actual dream content
B) the patient's free associations to the dream material
C) the unconscious process of developing a dream
D) the daily events that trigger daydreaming

Question 9

Transference refers to the psychoanalytic belief that patients in therapy may transfer their feelings about their spouse or parents onto

A) themselves
B) the objects in the room
C) the therapist
D) their friends

Question 10

This behaviour modification technique exposes clients to increasingly intense anxiety provoking images known as the anxiety hierarchy.

A) aversion therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) automatic thought records
D) progressive muscle tension

Question 11

In Wolpe's systematic desensitization technique, feelings of anxiety induced by the anxiety hierarchy are paired with this in order for the client to replace maladaptive anxiety symptoms.

A) progressive muscle relaxation
B) electroconvulsive therapy
C) transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) deep brain stimulation

Question 12

This exposure technique employed by behaviour therapists essentially tosses the client in at the highest possible level of anxiety-provoking situation and holds him or her there

A) systematic desensitization
B) hyper conditioning
C) flooding
D) behaviour modelling

Question 13

Flooding relies on this basic, non-associative learning process as a means of initially reducing the client's anxiety response

A) forward conditioning
B) habituation
C) negative reinforcement
D) modeling

Question 14

In this behaviour modification technique, a person is rewarded with tangible, desirable goods, prizes, or privileges for engaging in desired behaviours and avoiding undesirable

A) operant conditioning
B) contingency management
C) reward therapy
D) token reinforcement

Question 15

Alber Ellis devised a form of therapy based on the idea that human beings can be taught to control their feelings by controlling their thoughts. His therapy was called

A) cognitive therapy
B) cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT)
C) rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
D) antecedent-behaviour-consequence therapy (ABCT)

Question 16

A therapist following Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behaviour therapy would most likely utter which of the following statements during a therapy session?

A) "Tell me more about your first memories of your mother."
B) "Life isn't fair, so get over that idea as quickly as you can."
C) "I want you to relax while you look at a picture of a snake."
D) "Is the child in your dream really you?"

Question 17

Observation that led to the development of Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy was that people with emotional disturbances tend to experience

A) unconscious motives
B) habitual tendencies
C) automatic thoughts
D) conditioned emotions

Question 18

In cognitive therapy the client and the therapist forge a relationship in which

A) the therapist gives the client sometimes harsh advice about life
B) the therapist immerses himself or herself in the client's unconscious mental life
C) the therapist encourages meditation as a path toward reducing the negative impact of the client's automatic thoughts
D) the therapist and client engage in a kind of hypothesis testing of the client's automatic thoughts

Question 19

In addition to targeting automatic thoughts, cognitive-behaviour therapists also work to help the client control

A) self-affirming prophecies
B) self-defeating behaviours
C) suicidal ideation
D) dysfunctional beliefs

Question 20

This kind of therapy is usually a relatively brief program that blends CBT with meditation techniques based on Buddhist practices.

A) cognitive-motivation therapy
B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
C) rational-emotive behaviour therapy
D) reality therapy

Question 21

Which of the following statements is NOT an aspect of so-called empirically supported treatments (ESTs)?

A) ESTs are intended to be cost-effective.
B) ESTs tend to last for no more than 6 to 8 weeks.
C) ESTs demonstrate significant effectiveness when compared with no treatment.
D) ESTs are dependent upon an empathetic relationship and fitness between client and therapist.

Question 22

All of the following are statements from clients that a cognitive therapist might identify as self-defeating, EXCEPT:

A) "Everyone said that they loved my singing tonight, but they're my friends so that doesn't count."
B) "I'll never find another job that I like as much as the one I just lost."
C) "I failed that exam yesterday but it was pretty difficult."
D) "Even though I won that scholarship, I probably won't do well in college."

Question 23

In order to identify self-defeating thoughts and help the patient become aware of them, cognitive-behaviour therapists often ask clients to

A) freely associate to words during the session
B) keep a detailed record of dreams over a week
C) keep a thought journal to record automatic thoughts for a week
D) engage in Buddhist meditation during the course of 6 weeks

Question 24

Carl Rogers is known for the development of this type of therapy that stresses the importance of the therapist extending unconditional positive regard and acceptance to the client regardless of the client's behaviour or personal characteristics.

A) client-centred therapy
B) existential therapy
C) integrative therapy
D) bibliotherapy

Question 25

When a psychotherapist "prescribes" a self-help book to a patient as an adjunct to in person therapy sessions, he or she is engaging in

A) client-centred therapy
B) self-help therapy
C) bibliotherapy
D) ideation therapy

Question 26

Smith and Glass analysed the results of several studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapy and concluded that those participants in psychotherapy outcome research who were actually given therapy did

A) worse than those in control groups who received drug treatment
B) better than those in control groups who received no treatment
C) better than those in drug groups who received placebo
D) worse than those in placebo groups given psychoanalysis

Question 27

The equality of success rates among therapies has been referred to as the

A) equity effect
B) dodo bird verdict
C) regression to the mean
D) common factors effect

Question 28

Though it is not necessarily more effective than CBT, behaviour therapy is often said to be preferable for treating

A) depression
B) phobias
C) schizophrenia
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 29

The positive emotions and affection between therapist and client and both parties' joint commitment to accomplish the important work of healing are important for this common factor of therapeutic change.

A) therapeutic alliance
B) therapeutic allegiance
C) therapeutic competence
D) therapeutic modelling

Question 30

The therapist's intellectual commitment to the specific type of therapy he or she has chosen to practice is the basis for the common factor known as

A) therapeutic alliance
B) therapeutic allegiance
C) therapeutic competence
D) therapeutic modelling

Question 31

The common factor of effectiveness known as therapist competence refers to the fact that

A) some therapists are more empathetic than others
B) some therapists produce more positive outcomes than others
C) some therapists use different techniques than others
D) some therapists have more training than others

Question 32

The use of drugs and other substances like nutritional supplements to treat psychological disorders and distress is called

A) pharmacotherapy
B) psychiatry
C) psychoanalysis
D) biological therapy

Question 33

Benzodiazepines are the most common class of medications known as

A) anxiolytics
B) antipsychotics
C) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
D) mood stabilizers

Question 34

Benzodiazepines are the most common class of medications known as

A) anxiolytics
B) antipsychotics
C) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
D) mood stabilizers

Question 35

Anxiolytic medications such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates mainly affect the neurotransmitter

A) GABA
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a class of antidepressant drugs?

A) MAO inhibitors
B) trycyclic antidepressants
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) mood stabilizers

Question 37

These antidepressants inhibit the brain's reuptake of several neurotransmitters, primarily norepinephrine and serotonin, thus prolonging activity of these chemicals at synapses. a. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
B) tricyclic antidepressants
C) MAO inhibitors
D) barbiturates

Question 38

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) differ from tricyclic antidepressants because SSRIs

A) affect dopamine as well as serotonin and norepinephrine
B) affect only serotonin
C) affect GABA and serotonin
D) affect serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 39

These drugs combine selectivity for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine as well as for serotonin.

A) tricyclic antidepressants
B) selective serotonin and norepinephrine agonists
C) third-generation antidepressants
D) first-generation anxiolytics

Question 40

This label is given to lithium, anticonvulsants, and second-generation antipsychotics, when they are prescribed to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder.

A) third-generation antidepressants
B) antipsychotics
C) mood stabilizers
D) mania reducers

Question 41

This mood stabilizer is a naturally occurring salt, but can have a number of serious side effects-including seizures or coma if the blood levels of the drug become too high.

A) Lithium
B) Lamictal
C) Depakote
D) Abilify

Question 42

First-generation antipsychotics restrict the availability of this neurotransmitter.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 43

In addition to feeling "drugged," patients taking first-generation antipsychotics for a long period of time risked the development of this serious neurological condition.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
C) tardive dyskinesia
D) Huntington's disease

Question 44

In comparison to using first-generation antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia, second-generation antipsychotics

A) are more effective
B) have more risky side-effects
C) are able to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia
D) are less expensive

Question 45

This is a common practice in publishing medical articles, in which some authors make little to no contribution to the actual writing of the article.

A) peer reviewing
B) ghost-writing
C) triaging
D) extortion

Question 46

The systematic exclusion of certain types of results from publication in favour of other types of results is called

A) ghost-writing
B) publication bias
C) experimenter bias
D) demand characteristics

Question 47

In this form of therapy, a patient is anesthetized, given muscle relaxants, and then a brief, low-voltage electric shock is passed through the brain

A) electroencephalography
B) electrocardiogram
C) electroconvulsive therapy
D) psychosurgery

Question 48

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is controversial mainly because early versions of the therapy

A) were painful and caused physical and cognitive damage
B) were conducted with strong anaesthetics
C) were only given to willing patients
D) were not known as shock treatments

Question 49

This biological treatment involves placing an electromagnetic coil on the scalp to send short electromagnetic pulses through the skull, gently stimulating the cerebral cortex.

A) electro magnetogram
B) magnetic encephalography
C) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) functional magnetic resonance treatment

Question 50

Early psychosurgical techniques primarily involved lobotomy procedures, which consist of cutting connections to the

A) temporal lobe
B) prefrontal cortex
C) vagus nerve
D) hypothalamus

Question 51

The goal of cognitive behaviour therapy is insight, or accurate self-knowledge of unconscious motivations

Question 52

Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy are generally effective more quickly than other modern therapeutic approaches

Question 53

This basic assumption underlies both systematic desensitization and flooding: Phobias are maintained by avoidance of the feared object or situation, and the solution is to compel the phobic person to face his or her fears directly

Question 54

Cognitive therapy is the most effective of all psychotherapies for treating depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia

Question 55

The reason that a cognitive-behaviour therapist would ask a client to keep a thought journal is so that the therapist can help the client understand his or her daydream

Question 56

First-generation antipsychotics work primarily by restricting the availability of the neurotransmitter dopamine, either by blocking dopamine receptors entirely or by inhibiting the neurotransmitter's release

Question 57

Increasing numbers of clinicians have realized that effective treatment must address the biological, psychological, and social lives of each individual

Question 58

Barbiturates are mildly sedating and may reduce anxiety symptoms, at least in the short term, while not "knocking the person off his or her feet."

Question 59

The dodo bird verdict applies to SSRI drugs: No one of these drugs is more effective overall than any other

Question 60

In publicly funded studies of antidepressants, less than 50 percent of patients experienced an end to their depression after pharmacotherapy with antidepressants

Question 61

_________refers to the psychoanalytic belief that patients in therapy may transfer their feelings about their spouse or parent onto the therapist.

Question 62

While navigating the anxiety hierarchy, the client simultaneously engages in relaxation exercises, such as progressive muscle relaxation, in a technique known as __________.

Question 63

In ____________, a person is rewarded with tangible, desirable goods, prizes, or privileges for engaging in desired behaviours and avoiding undesirable behaviours.

Question 64

Most of the techniques employed by cognitive-behaviour therapists are designed to help the client identify his or her __________so that they can be challenged and replaced.

Question 65

An _________treatment is one that has utility in the real world of practicing psychotherapists treating distressed clients in hospitals and consulting rooms.

Question 66

Aside from psychosurgery, the most controversial biological treatment for psychological disorders is _______.

Question 67

With a few exceptions, anxiolytic drugs currently in use generally belong to a single class of medications known as ______.

Question 68

____________selectively block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin, in contrast to the tricyclic drugs which act on several neurotransmitter systems at once.

Question 69

First-generation antipsychotics work primarily by restricting the availability of the neurotransmitter ____________, either by blocking receptors entirely or by inhibiting the neurotransmitter's release.

Question 70

____________is a technique being developed for treatment of depression that consists of sending short electromagnetic pulses though the cerebral cortex by means of a coil placed on the scalp.

Question 71

There are a variety of psychotherapies that can treat symptoms of depression and anxiety. Characterize two such therapeutic styles by identifying and describing how each style views psychopathology, and what techniques are employed to treat disorders

Question 72

The dodo-bird effect is a term used to describe the fact that most therapeutic approaches utilized by competent therapists are equally effective. Describe three reasons why this is the case

Question 73

Despite some problems, pharmacotherapy was a revolution in psychotherapy because it initially offered a mainstream medical solution to psychological problems. Describe how anxiolytics, antidepressants, and antipsychotic medications deliver their effects

Question 74

Pharmacotherapy has become controversial due in part to the investment that pharmaceutical companies have in effective treatments. Discuss some of the ethical problems that are involved in research on effectiveness of pharmacotherapy