Deck 18: Issues in Mental Health

Question 1

People are sometimes surprised that there is not a perfect consensus among psychologists about what constitutes

A) mental retardation
B) psychological disorders
C) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
D) psychiatry

Answer 1

B

Question 2

This set of diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association.

A) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
B) International Classification of Diseases
C) Psychiatric and Counseling Psychology Manual
D) Manual of the American Psychological Association

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The study of states of mind and behaviour that deviate both from the statistical norm and from what the mental health field considers to be healthy psychological functioning is called

A) clinical psychology
B) antisocial psychology
C) abnormal psychology
D) social psychology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

This aspect of the DSM view of psychological disorders is not as objective as it might be in diagnosing medical disorders.

A) personal distress
B) dysfunction
C) physical discomfort
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 5

Except for certain cases of personality disorders, a person with a psychological disorder generally exhibits

A) impairment in language
B) personal distress
C) mental retardation
D) neurosis

Question 6

Which of the following is the most accurate critique of the DSM view of psychological disorders?

A) The criteria for having a disorder are partly subjective and dependent upon social judgments and cultural values.
B) The consensus of psychologists is that the DSM model of psychological disorders is unreliable.
C) The DSM does not account for the fact that psychological disorders involve some sort of demonstrable, structural change and malfunction of a part of the body.
D) DSM provides too many objective standards for deciding when psychological symptoms have actually caused significant impairment in important areas of one's life.

Question 7

This view of mental illness, introduced by Thomas Szasz, is very critical of the medical model of mental illness.

A) the DSM model
B) the myth of mental illness view
C) the diathesis-stress view
D) the spiritual view

Question 8

Proponents of the "myth of mental illness view" of psychological disorders were primarily concerned with this problem, which is now a relatively rare occurrence.

A) involuntary commitment
B) voluntary commitment
C) deinstitutionalization
D) managed care

Question 9

Due in part to managed health care and psychiatric medication, it is no longer necessary for most people with psychological disorders to stay in mental institutions for any lengthy period of time. This is called

A) deinstitutionalization
B) involuntary commitment
C) point of service
D) deindustrialization

Question 10

Thomas Szasz's myth of mental illness view is critical of this model of mental illness, in which psychological problems are diagnosed in ways similar to that of physical illness.

A) psychiatric model
B) medical model
C) physical model
D) mental model

Question 11

According to the harmful dysfunction view of psychological disorders, psychological dysfunction should be defined in terms of

A) social and cultural standards of behavior
B) evolutionary adaptation
C) brain function
D) nervous system function

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a part of the category of DSM disorders called major mental disorders?

A) anxiety disorders
B) personality disorders
C) feeding and eating disorders
D) depressive disorders

Question 13

This is the psychological term that refers to an unpleasant feeling of tension, physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate), and worry in anticipation of a threat.

A) mood
B) anxiety
C) panic
D) depression

Question 14

Anxiety disorders have a high likelihood of coexisting or overlapping with one another and with other types of disorders, a problem called

A) generalization
B) comorbidity
C) diagnostic confound
D) conflict resolution

Question 15

This disorder can be thought of as the "basic" anxiety disorder.

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) panic disorder
C) hypophobia
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 16

Patrick is driven by uncontrollable worry and apprehension about the future. His condition has lasted for several years and sometimes leads to physical symptoms like headaches. Patrick most likely has

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) panic disorder
C) major depression
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 17

These are the most common of the anxiety disorders but are the least disabling because of the focus of the anxiety

A) specific phobias
B) agorophobias
C) obsessive-compulsive disorders
D) panic disorders

Question 18

A person with this phobia is highly anxious about situations involving exposure to unfamiliar people

A) social phobia
B) agoraphobia
C) acrophobia
D) sangophobia

Question 19

In terms of the harmful-dysfunction view, if shyness evolved to cause us to be wary of strangers or avoid embarrassment in front of a group, then

A) extremely shy people cannot be said to be dysfunctional
B) social phobia is a myth of mental illness
C) phobias are actually adaptive if they do not involve panic
D) extremely shy people cannot be afraid of social judgments of others

Question 20

Though they seem to arrive "out of the blue," these intense anxiety experiences tend to be caused by a specific trigger like experiencing an anxiety-provoking situation

A) obsessive thoughts
B) compulsions
C) panic attacks
D) dissociations

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a component of the triple vulnerability theory of the cause of mental disorders?

A) generalized biological vulnerability
B) specific-global vulnerability
C) specific psychological vulnerability
D) generalized psychological vulnerability

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding the categorization of obsessive-compulsive and trauma-related disorders in the DSM-5?

A) Both disorders are absent from the DSM-5, and now considered medical diagnoses.
B) Post-traumatic stress disorder is now considered a kind of extreme panic disorder, while obsessive-compulsive disorder is considered a type of bipolar disorder.
C) Instead of being grouped with anxiety disorders, both disorders form independent categories of disorders in the DSM-5.
D) These two classes of disorders have been replaced by personality disorders that are marked by similar symptoms.

Question 23

This disorder was formerly grouped with anxiety disorders prior to the DSM-5, and is characterized by persistent, intrusive, anxiety-provoking thoughts, often combined with a strong urge to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours.

A) agoraphobia
B) post-traumatic stress disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 24

Post-traumatic stress disorder is unique among psychological disorders because

A) the genetic markers for the disorder are well known
B) the symptoms are generally mild and do not cause distress
C) the cause of the disorder may be specified with certainty
D) the risk factors are generally correlational

Question 25

The mood state characterized by exaggerated and prolonged feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, grief, guilt, and low feelings of self-worth is called

A) mania
B) depression
C) hypomania
D) dysthymia

Question 26

Which of the following statements about major depressive disorders is NOT true?

A) Depression is not associated with a decline in physical health.
B) Depression and anxiety symptoms tend to be comorbid.
C) Depression is not a chronic disorder and is quickly responsive to treatment.
D) Depression can result from genetic vulnerabilities.

Question 27

The chemical imbalance description of depression and the link to serotonin levels in the brain is controversial because

A) it is an oversimplification of the relationship between neurotransmitters and mood
B) serotonin is not involved in the brain's control of mood
C) studies show that delivering dopamine to depressed patients is as effective as delivering serotonin
D) it is a false statement proposed by pharmaceutical companies

Question 28

Martin Seligman proposed that if human beings come to believe for whatever reason that they have no control over the negative events of their lives, they may experience this aspect of depression.

A) learned helplessness
B) hopeless cognition
C) negative triadic thoughts
D) stable pessimism

Question 29

The proponents of hopelessness theory claimed that learned helplessness is not enough to explain depression because helplessness is

A) equally present in anxiety sufferers
B) not a scientific term
C) not a component of most major depressive symptoms
D) equally present in schizophrenics

Question 30

Which of the following statements is least likely to lead to depression, according to hopelessness theory?

A) "It's my fault that I failed the exam because I'm not smart."
B) "I'm always going to fail statistics exams, I'm not cut out for science."
C) "I'll probably get kicked out of school because I'm stupid."
D) "I'll never win the respect of my colleagues."

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT part of Beck's negative cognitive triad?

A) feelings of self-worthlessness
B) false beliefs about the negative aspects of the world
C) feelings of anxiety about the past
D) predictions of hopelessness about the future

Question 32

All of the following are reasons why women suffer depression more frequently than men, EXCEPT

A) Early sexual development in girls can bring unwanted harassment
B) Girls may be more likely to possess the short allele of 5-HTTLPR
C) Women are less resistant to the effects of stormy relationships.
D) Hopelessness and rumination are more prevalent in women.

Question 33

The tendency to focus inwardly and brood on the possible causes and consequences of negative emotions and events is called

A) hopelessness
B) rumination
C) anxiety
D) negative cognitive triad

Question 34

This category of psychological disorders is characterized by a large increase in the risk of suicide among sufferers.

A) anxiety and trauma-related disorders
B) depressive and bipolar disorders
C) personality disorders
D) dissociative disorders

Question 35

The statement that suicide is the third leading cause of death among 10- to 18-year-olds is misleading mainly because

A) the mortality rate of this age group is generally very low
B) the mortality rate of adults is well below the mortality rate of adolescents
C) the statistic underemphasizes the risks of adolescent depression
D) the statistic does not include schizophrenic children

Question 36

This is a group of related psychotic disorders characterized by severely distorted perception and experience of reality, disorganized thought and speech, and inappropriate emotions or emotional responses.

A) hypomania
B) dysthymia
C) schizophrenia
D) dissociative identity disorder

Question 37

Schizophrenic symptoms in which something is added to the person's behaviour that should not be there, such as hallucinations and delusions, are called

A) positive symptoms
B) psychotic symptoms
C) negative symptoms
D) active symptoms

Question 38

Which of the following is the best characterization of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A) David is often silent and motionless for long periods of time.
B) Sam will not use a phone because he believes the FBI has been tracking him for 10 years.
C) When Denis is asked questions, his tone of voice never changes no matter whether he is interested in the conversation or not.
D) Peter has been homeless for the last 13 years and is severely depressed.

Question 39

Though similar to delusions of persecution, these schizophrenic delusions often cause the sufferer to interpret newspaper headlines and other mass forms of communication as hidden messages intended for him or her alone.

A) delusions of grandeur
B) delusions of spirituality
C) delusions of reference
D) delusions of importance

Question 40

These types of schizophrenic symptoms are marked by their absence, as in lack of affect, or apathy.

A) positive symptoms
B) psychotic symptoms
C) negative symptoms
D) passive symptoms

Question 41

This is the term for any single characteristic or symptom that is present in people with a specific psychological disorder and is also present at a high rate in close genetic relatives who do not have the disorder.

A) schizotype
B) genotype
C) endophenotype
D) heterotype

Question 42

People who experience recovery from symptoms of schizophrenia are usually labelled as

A) cured
B) in remission
C) latent
D) in vitro

Question 43

People with this personality disorder are argumentative, preoccupied with threats both real and imagined, and tend to interpret the words of others' as hostile.

A) borderline personality disorder
B) paranoid personality disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
D) schizoid personality disorder

Question 44

People suffering from this personality disorder also frequently attempt to injure themselves in some way-with substantial numbers attempting or committing suicide.

A) borderline personality disorder
B) paranoid personality disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
D) schizoid personality disorder

Question 45

According to the DSM-5, those with personality disorders suffer impairments in several aspects of personality functioning. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas.

A) intimacy
B) identity
C) self-direction
D) impulsivity

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT true of Schizophrenia

A) Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component
B) Poor early relationships are associated with risk of schizophrenia
C) Smoking cannabis increases the risk of schizophrenia
D) Schizophrenia is the most common mood disorder

Question 47

According to research by Bender et al (2015), what type of attachment style may lead to anxiety problems

A) Insecure attachment
B) No attachment
C) Secure attachment
D) Inconsistent attachment

Question 48

The negative cognitive triad includes irrational beliefs about

A) The self, the world, the future
B) The self, the mind, family
C) The self, the world, relationships
D) Friends, family and the self

Question 49

Unlike the DSM, the ICD is intended for

A) children only
B) global use
C) professional diagnoses
D) academic research purposes

Question 50

Which of the following terms refers to a mark of shame resulting from a person's behaviour or membership in a disapproved or discriminated-against group

A) withdrawal
B) deinstitutionalisation
C) statistical abnormality
D) stigma

Question 51

The DSM view of psychological dysfunction reflects social judgments or cultural values and cannot be said to be as objective as medical judgments of dysfunction in physical organs such as the heart or lungs

Question 52

Since the development of psychiatric medications and the advent of managed care, the trend has been to do everything possible to keep patients in the confines of mental institution

Question 53

When a person is depressed but has never experienced mania, his or her depression is said to be unipolar in quality. If the person has experienced mania at least once, the depression is said to be bipolar

Question 54

Almost all patients with schizophrenic symptoms experience partial or full recovery by age 50

Question 55

The disorders with the highest mortality rates from suicide are the anxiety disorders, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 56

According to the myth of mental illness view of disorders, it is likely that all psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, are the result of over diagnosis

Question 57

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by hallucinations and delusions that one is being followed or closely monitored

Question 58

Negative cognitive style not only makes one vulnerable to depression, it also increases the chances of experiencing stressful and depressing events in much the same way that genetic makeup can help shape the environment in gene-environment correlations

Question 59

The most common negative symptoms experienced by schizophrenics are hallucinations and delusions

Question 60

Anxiety disorders have a high likelihood of coexisting or overlapping with one another and with other types of disorders

Question 61

According to Wakefield, _________occurs when a psychological attribute or mechanism fails to perform the function for which it was shaped through evolution by natural selection.

Question 62

Anxiety disorders have a high likelihood of coexisting or overlapping with one another and with other types of disorders, a problem called ______.

Question 63

For those who go on to develop panic disorder, a large number also develop _______-a fear of being in public places, crowds, or potentially unsafe situations from which escape would be difficult.

Question 64

Experiences of extremely severe trauma which evoke horror, feelings of helplessness, and fear for one's life or the lives of those for whom one cares, may result in ______.

Question 65

___________is the rarest but also the most crippling of the anxiety disorders.

Question 66

The __________theory of anxiety disorders, proposes that anxiety disorders result from the interaction of general biological vulnerability, _________general vulnerability and specific psychological vulnerability.

Question 67

Schizophrenia is the most common of the _________disorders, those that are characterized by severely impaired ability to grasp reality.

Question 68

_________are false sensory experiences, such as hearing voices, while _________are incorrect and grossly distorted thoughts and beliefs, not widely shared by other members of one's culture.

Question 69

The __________model of psychological disorder proposes that mental illness is most likely to be found in a person who has both genetic vulnerability to the condition and exposure to life experiences which contribute to the onset of the illness.

Question 70

_________is the cognitive ability to perceive one's own thoughts, emotions, motives, and goals.

Question 71

Both the DSM view and the myth of mental illness view of mental disorders recognize the difficulty of defining psychological dysfunction. Discuss two points of controversy about definitions of psychological dysfunction, harmful dysfunction, and personal distress. Use examples from research and the textbook

Question 72

Among the causes for depression, genetic vulnerability and cognitive vulnerability are often heavily researched. Describe what is meant by both terms and explain the difference between helplessness, hopelessness, and negative cognitive triad

Question 73

Though depressive disorders and anxiety disorders are common, they also may be over diagnosed. Identify two potential harms of over diagnosis for both depression and anxiety disorder

Question 74

The genetic and neurodevelopmental causes of schizophrenia have been extensively researched. Describe three examples of findings related to those types of causes